Novel Anatomic Structures in the Brain and Spinal Cord of Rabbit That May Belong to the Bonghan System of Potential Acupuncture Meridians

Lee, Byung-Cheon; Kim, Sungkwang; Soh, Kwang–Sup

doi:10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60004-2

Cited by 66 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The presence of the PVS was observed on the surfaces of internal organs like the liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder [4] .This subset of the PVS is called the organsurface PVS (OS-PVS). Another major subset, which has been observed, is the PVS floating in the flow of blood [5] and lymph [6] or in the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain and the spinal cord [7] .…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Yoo

Soh

2014

Cancer Cell Microenviron

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Metastasis is the principal cause of death among cancer patients. Despite intensive research with the application of genetic and molecular biology, its prevention and management remain far from satisfactory. More innovative approaches are needed. The major routes for tumor dissemination are the two circulatory systems, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, so the metastases occurring through them are referred to as lymphatic and hematogenous metastases, respectively. Surprisingly, a new circulatory system, named the primo vascular system (PVS), which is composed of very thin primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs), has recently emerged as a third circulatory system. Thus, a natural conjecture would be that the PVS might be associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis, and, indeed, that conjecture has been supported by strong evidence of metastasis in rodents with xenograft tumors. In fact, a study showed that migration of tumor cells to secondary sites was more efficient in the PVS than in the lymphatic system. In addition, the PVS is also a conduit for a fluid, which, according to proteomic analyses contains remarkably high levels of carbohydrate metabolic derivatives that are usually associated with stem cells, cancer cells and differentiated myeloid cells. Thus, the PVS has the potential to transport growth and communication factors between primary and secondary tumor sites, thereby enhancing the oncogenicity of tumor cells at secondary sites. Furthermore, the study of a tumor-derived PVS in murine xenografts of human histiocytic lymphoma has suggested that the PVS may provide a safe haven for a select population of cancer stem cells. These pieces of evidences for the involvement of the PVS in cancer metastasis is call for more intensive investigations of its possible role as an incubating microenvironment for tumor formation, propagation, sustenance, and relapse.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Yoo

Soh

2014

Cancer Cell Microenviron

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“…The major achievement of the group is the identification and observation of the PVS in various organs of different kinds of animals, and the advancement of technical methods for identifying the PVS. For example, the PVS was observed in the lymphatic vessels of rabbits [10, 11], in the brains and spinal cords of rabbits [12] and in the brains of rats [13]. Moreover, for the first time, the PVSs freely floating in bovine heart chambers were observed [14].…”

Section: What We Know About the Pvsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Theory of the Primo Vascular System: A Hypothetical Circulatory System at the Subcellular Level

Lee

Yoon

Park

et al. 2013

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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This paper suggests a theoretical framework for the primo vascular system (PVS), a hypothetical circulatory system, in which extracellular DNA microvesicles interact to form and break down cell structures. Since Bonghan Kim reported the existence of Bonghan ducts and the SNU research team reinvestigated and named it the PVS, there has been series of studies trying to examine its structure and functions. In this paper, we hypothesize that the PVS is the network system in which extracellular DNA microvesicles circulate and interact at the subcellular level, forming and breaking down cell structures. This idea integrates A. Béchamp's idea of microzymas and Bonghan Kim's idea of sanals. A proof of this idea may complement modern medical theory, perhaps providing an essential clue for an alternative solution dealing with modern healthcare problem.

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“…Nevertheless, recent intensive and systematic research on the primordial vascular system has revealed its presence throughout an animal’s body [4]. Since 2002, primordial vascular systems have been reported to exist in blood vessels [5,6,7], in lymph vessels [8,9,10], in brain ventricles and spinal cords [11], on internal organ surfaces [12,13,14,15] and a skin tumor fasciae [16]. Multiple channels in a primordial vessel were observed in morphological studies by using hematoxylin-eosin staining methods [17] and various types of electron microscopy [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network of Endocardial Vessels

et al. 2011

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Background: Although there have been reports on threadlike structures inside the heart, they have received little attention. We aimed to develop a method for observing such structures and to reveal their ultrastructures. Methods:An in situ staining method, which uses a series of procedures of 0.2–0.4% trypan blue spraying and washing, was applied to observe threadlike structures on the surfaces of endocardia. The threadlike structures were isolated and observed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Networks of endocardial vessels (20 µm in thickness) with expansions (40–100 µm in diameter) were visualized; they were movable on the endocardium of the bovine atrium and ventricle. CLSM showed that (1) rod-shaped nuclei were aligned along the longitudinal direction of the endocardial vessel and (2) there were many cells inside the expansion. TEM on the endocardial vessel revealed that (1) there existed multiple lumens (1–7 µm in diameter) and (2) the extracellular matrices mostly consisted of collagen fibers, which were aligned along the longitudinal direction of the endocardial vessel or were locally organized in reticular structures. Conclusion: We investigated the endocardial circulatory system in bovine cardiac chambers and its ultrastructures, such as nucleic distributions, microlumens, and collagenous extracellular matrices.

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Novel Anatomic Structures in the Brain and Spinal Cord of Rabbit That May Belong to the Bonghan System of Potential Acupuncture Meridians

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Toward a Theory of the Primo Vascular System: A Hypothetical Circulatory System at the Subcellular Level

Network of Endocardial Vessels

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