Novel Aflatoxin Derivatives and Protein Conjugates

Abstract

Aflatoxins, a group of structurally related mycotoxins, are well known for their toxic and carcinogenic effects in humans and animals. Aflatoxin derivatives and protein conjugates are needed for diverse analytical applications. This work describes a reliable and fast synthesis of novel aflatoxin derivatives, purification by preparative HPLC and characterisation by ESI-MS and one-and two-dimensional NMR. Novel aflatoxin bovine serum albumin conjugates were prepared and characterised by UV absorption and MALDI-MS. These aflatoxin protein conjugates are potentially interesting as immunogens for the generation of aflatoxin selective antibodies with novel specificities.

A highly specific competitive direct enzyme immunoassay for sterigmatocystin as a tool for rapid immunochemotaxonomic differentiation of mycotoxigenicAspergillusspecies

“…Secondly, the liquid–liquid partitioning was a much easier and more convenient alternative to isolation by preparative chromatography (Cervinio et al . ). About 4 mg of STC‐GE could be obtained from 5 mg of STC using this procedure.…”

“…Derivatization of STC with glycolic acid presumptively occurs by reaction at the 2‐position (Cervinio et al . ).…”

“…() reported monoclonal antibodies against STC, employing a method originally described for AFB 2 by Cervinio et al . (), and their use in competitive indirect EIA. However, the report of Li et al .…”

“…Approaches to establish enzyme immunoassays (EIA) based on antibodies against STC-hemiacetal as the antigen were reported some decades ago, but these either required tedious chemical conversion of STC into its hemiacetal before detection (Li and Chu 1984;Morgan et al 1986;Lou et al 1996) or lacked sensitivity (Li et al 1996), and were obviously not further studied. More recently, Li et al (2014) reported monoclonal antibodies against STC, employing a method originally described for AFB 2 by Cervinio et al (2007), and their use in competitive indirect EIA. However, the report of Li et al (2014) lacked details about the preparation of the STC derivative, the competitive indirect EIA format was relatively laborious, and its application to the analysis of spiked cereal samples required time-consuming immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) clean-up.…”

Immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection in food and feed

“…It is interesting that almost all of these antibodies have the lowest cross-reactivity with AFG 2 (Chu et al, 1977;Devi et al, 1999;Li et al, 2009). Cervino et al, 2007 proposed a new approach for immunogen synthesis to obtain antibodies with significantly different cross-reactivities for aflatoxins B and G. Further, anti-AFB 1 antibodies could be used for AFM 1 individual detection in milk and milk products (Goryacheva et al, 2009a) in addition to anti-AFM 1 antibody-based immunoassays. Antibodies were produced and applied for ELISA specific to AFB 1 (Lee and Rachmawati, 2006), AFB 2 (Hastings et al, 1988), AFG 1 (Chu et al, 1985), total aflatoxin (Zhang and Chu, 1989) and some major metabolites such as AFB 2a (Gaur et al, 1981), AFQ 1 (Fan et al, 1984) and AFM 1 (Haltzapple et al, 1996).…”