Previously, we had found the occurrence of novel characteristic acyclic diterpene glycosides, which are rarely present in the natural plant kingdom, from a series of Capsicum genera as follows: capsianosides I-III, A-D from C. annuum L. var. fasciculatum (Yatsubusa) [1][2][3] ; capsianosides II, III, C, D from C. annuum L. var. fasciculatum (Shishitougarashi) 1-3) ; capsianosides II, III, VIII-X, XIII, from C. annuum L. var. annuum (jalapeño) 4) ; capsianosides IЈ, II, III, C-F from C. annuum (red hot pepper used in Kimchi, a fermented Chinese cabbage product) 5) ; capsianosides II, III, IX, X, XIII, XV, XVI from C. annuum L. var. grossum (paprika) 4) ; and capsianosides IЈ, II-IV, C-F from C. annuum L. grossum (pimento).6) These acyclic diterpene glycosides are major, typical components of Capsicum plants. We are now investigating their pharmacological activities in reducing blood pressure and facilitating the combustion of fatty acids. As part of a continuing study, we have examined the acyclic diterpene glycosides in Habanero, the fruits of Capsicum chinense JACQ., which is known as one of the hottest peppers in existence.The fruits of Capsicum chinense (768.3 g) were refluxed with MeOH to obtain a residue (42.4 g) after evaporation. The residue was then partitioned between n-hexane and water. The aqueous layer (35.1 g) was passed through Diaion HP-20 with 50-100% MeOH to afford the following three fractions: fr. 1 (0.66 g), fr. 2 (1.57 g), and fr. 3 (0.95 g). Fr. 2 was further chromatographed on octadecyl silica (ODS) with 60-90% MeOH to provide 5 fractions, fr. 2-1-fr. 2-5. Fr. 2-2 (205.0 mg) was chromatographed on silica gel with CHCl 3 , MeOH and water in the ratio 7 : 3 : 0.5 and further subjected to HPLC with 75% MeOH to yield HAB-2 (17.4 mg) and HAB-1 (1, 17.8 mg). Fr. 2-4 (262.0 mg) was chromatographed on silica gel with CHCl 3 , MeOH and water in the ratio 7 : 3 : 0.5→6 : 4 : 0.5 and separated with HPLC by using 70% MeOH to yield HAB-3 (11.1 mg) and HAB-4 (2, 18.0 mg).HAB-2 and HAB-3 were identified in capsianoside XV, which was obtained from C. annuum L. var. grossum (paprika), 4) and capsianoside XIII, which was isolated from C. annuum L. var. annuum (jalapeño) and C. annuum L. var. grossum (paprika), 4) respectively, as shown in Fig. 1 Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University; 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan: and c Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University; 8-19-1 Jyounan-ku, Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. Received March 18, 2009; accepted April 22, 2009; published online May 11, 2009 Four acyclic diterpene glycosides were extracted from Habanero, the fruits of Capsicum chinense JACQ., which is known as one of the hottest peppers in existence. Two of these glycosides were identified as capsianoside XIII and capsianoside XV.