Novel acid initiators for the rapid cationic polymerization of styrene in room temperature ionic liquids

Vijayaraghavan, R.; MacFarlane, Douglas R.

doi:10.1007/s11426-012-4658-y

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is important to mention that this induction time was not observed in cationic styrene miniemulsion polymerizations conducted with the same IL, as reported by Alves et al., since in miniemulsion polymerizations droplet nucleation leads to the formation of bigger particles right from the beginning. On the other hand, it is also important to observe that compared to bulk polymerization of styrene, that reached a conversion above 70% in 15 min of reaction at 85 °C, and solution polymerization of styrene that reached almost 90% of conversion in 30 min at 60 °C, the reaction rate of these emulsion polymerizations remained low even after the induction time due to the continuous aqueous phase. In Figure a, each reaction point represents the average value of two reactions, since independent reactions were performed for each reaction time, and for all reactions shown in this figure it was observed that at 4 h the reaction media became more opaque acquiring the appearance of the final polymer latex.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

High Molecular Weight Polystyrene Obtained by Cationic Emulsion Polymerization Catalyzed by Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid

Patrocinio

Agner

Dutra

et al. 2018

Macro Reaction Engineering

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The ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium heptachlorodiferrate (BMI.Fe2Cl7) is efficiently used as catalyst in the cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene. The effect of different reaction temperatures, surfactant, and ionic liquid concentrations on polymer properties as molecular weight distribution and particle size is evaluated. High weight average molecular weights, above 1000 kDa, are achieved at 70% of conversion in 100 nm polystyrene particles formed mainly by micellar nucleation. Particle sizes and molecular weights increase with the decrease of the amount of surfactant. Even at low concentrations, BMI.Fe2Cl7/styrene molar ratio equal to 1/1000, the ionic liquid proves to be efficient for the emulsion polymerization of styrene, and lower ionic liquid concentrations lead to the formation of longer polymer chains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

High Molecular Weight Polystyrene Obtained by Cationic Emulsion Polymerization Catalyzed by Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid

Patrocinio

Agner

Dutra

et al. 2018

Macro Reaction Engineering

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“…23,25 When the traditional molecular solvent was applied in cationic polymerization, the tacticity reduced with the increasing polarity of the solvent because the distance of the propagating ion pairs decreased. 23,25 When the traditional molecular solvent was applied in cationic polymerization, the tacticity reduced with the increasing polarity of the solvent because the distance of the propagating ion pairs decreased.…”

Section: Tacticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 As a result of their ionic nature, ILs are regarded as polar but non-coordinating solvents with a high charge density; 18,19 thus, they do not behave as simple solvents for ionic polymerization. Although the developed air-and water-stable ILs, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF 6 ]), [20][21][22] trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([P 6,6,6,14 ][NTf 2 ]), 23 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Omim][BF 4 ]), 24 and N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C 4 mpyr][NTf 2 ]), 25,26 have been successfully applied in cationic polymerization, the polymerization mechanism of cationic polymerization in ILs is still vague.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The possibility of these chain transfer reactions taking place in ILs is not clear. [22][23][24][25][26]33 In the present study, we investigated the possible interactions between ILs and propagating carbocation by density functional theory (DFT). 31,32 For example, imidazolebased ILs are not entirely stable under basic conditions because of an acidic proton at the 2-position of the imidazolium ring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene in selected ionic liquids and polymerization mechanism

Zhang

Guo

et al. 2016

Polym. Chem.

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Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene ( p-MeSt) in imidazolium-based [NTf 2−1 ] ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated. The effects of the anions, cations, and alkyl chain length of ILs on p-MeSt solubility and viscosity were comprehensively studied. The COSMO-RS method, which is a valuable tool for screening and selecting ILs, was also applied to identify the most suitable solvent for p-MeSt cationic polymerization.The results revealed that p-MeSt cationic polymerization proceeded in a milder exothermic manner in ILs than in a traditional organic solvent. Controlled polymerizations were achieved in [Bmim][NTf 2 ] with a CumOH/BF 3 OEt 2 initiating system at −25°C when 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine was introduced. The cationic polymerization mechanism of p-MeSt in ILs was proposed on the basis of the results of density functional theory and the terminal structures of polymers. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See View Article Online a GPC trace was bimodal; other GPC traces were all unimodal. [p-MeSt] 0 = 1.88 mol L −1 , [TMPCl] 0 = [CumCl] 0 = [CumOH] 0 = [p-MeStCl] 0 = 7.43 mmol L −1 , [TiCl 4 ] 0 = [BF 3 OEt 2 ] 0 = [SnCl 4 ] 0 = 133.69 mmol L −1 , T = −25°C. The reaction time in ILs and CH 2 Cl 2 was 2 h. Polymer Chemistry PaperThis journal is

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“…Polymers were obtained but chain transfer was significant, resulting in a lack of control over molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Novel acid initiators allowing rapid cationic polymerization of styrene in RTILs have recently been reported (83), and cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether in RTILs has been carried out (84). Group transfer polymerization has been carried out in hydrophobic RTILs (85).…”

Section: Ionic Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization in Ionic Liquids

Zhang

Behera

Hong

et al. 2015

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have proved over recent years to be useful and unique reaction media for a variety of chemical reactions. Faster reaction rates and better selectivities are often observed in RTILs as compared to those in common organic solvents. In addition to these advantages, the low volatility, nonflammability, and recycling potential also help RTILs become a preferred alternative reaction medium to meet environmental and other requirements. This is evidenced by the ever increasing number of papers published in this area every year and interesting and important discoveries. When conventional free radical polymerizations are carried out in RTILs, there is an increase in the propagation rate due to the high polarity of the RTIL and a decrease in the termination rate because of the high viscosity of the RTILs, and thus the overall reaction rate is greatly increased along with an increase in molecular weight. For living/controlled polymerization such as atom transfer radical polymerization and radical addition‐fragmentation and transfer, the reactions in RTILs are still controllable with faster reaction rates and easy separation of catalysts and/or ligands from the resulting polymers. Nearly all types of polymerization processes have now been successfully conducted in RTILs, often with advantageous effects.

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Novel acid initiators for the rapid cationic polymerization of styrene in room temperature ionic liquids

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

High Molecular Weight Polystyrene Obtained by Cationic Emulsion Polymerization Catalyzed by Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid

High Molecular Weight Polystyrene Obtained by Cationic Emulsion Polymerization Catalyzed by Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid

Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene in selected ionic liquids and polymerization mechanism

Polymerization in Ionic Liquids

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