Novel Acaricidal Drug Fluazuron Causes Immunotoxicity via Selective Depletion of Lymphocytes T CD8

Abstract

Fluazuron is one of the newest veterinary antitick medicines. Belonging to the benzoylphenylureas group, its mechanism of action acts by the interference of the formation of the chitin of the tick, which is responsible for the hardening of its exoskeletons. In addition to taking care of the health of the animal so that it receives the medication in the doses and the correct form, it is important to analyze the safety of the operator. Reduced resistance to infectious disease was a well-documented consequence of primary and acquired immunodeficiencies, but a novel finding following xenobiotic exposure. The awareness of the consequences of altered immune function is the most likely outcome of inadvertent exposure. The human health implications of studies in which chemical exposure reduced resistance to infection drove an early focus on immunosuppression within the toxicology community. The main objective is to perform the evaluation by computational platforms and in cell culture, searching for data that can serve as a foundation for a better understanding of the toxic effects involved with the accidental contamination of Fluazuron and, thus, to assist the medical community and users to understand the risks inherent in its use. As far as we can determine in the literature, our work has unmistakably demonstrated that the Fluazuron can cause genotoxicity by probable chromatin rearrangement and immunodepleting by specific reduction of the CD8 T lymphocyte subpopulation, mediated by the decrease in gamma interferon production. Although the use of Fluazuron is a necessity for tick control and for cattle management, we must bear in mind that the imminent risks to its application exist. Careless use can damage the immune system which in turn carries a gigantic hazard by opening a door to diseases and pathogens and leaving us defenseless.

Sucralose causes non‐selective CD4 and CD8 lymphotoxicity via probable regulation of the MAPK8/APTX/EID1 genes: An in vitro/in silico study

“…Due to a lack of studies on the compound, we chose the doses to allow a broad‐spectrum evaluation, which enabled the determination of a median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) 17,19 Therefore, we initially tested concentrations of 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL in cultures of lymphocytes, and, after analysis of cell proliferation and cell viability, through the loss of membrane integrity using the Trypan Blue method 16…”

“…Lymphocytes were suspended in the medium at a density of 0.5 × 10 6 / per 12‐well plate well and exposed to sucralose, in three different concentrations determined by the dose–effect curve for 24 h. We assessed the specific toxicity for CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + lymphocyte subpopulations by the Countess II FL Automatic Cell Counter (Thermo Fisher) equipped with EVOS Light Cube GFP fluorescence cube and addition of Anti‐CD3 (FICT), Anti‐CD4 (FITC) and Anti‐CD8 (FITC) 19 previously in the samples according to the manufacturer's specifications (Abcam).…”

Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation

“…Although the use of fluazuron was necessary for tick control and for cattle management, the careless use of this drug may weaken the immune system of the host, which in turn carries huge risks for diseases ( Ribeiro et al., 2019 ). Although SNPs associated with fluazuron have not been reported, further research is essential to characterize its target site.…”

The use of fructose as a sweetener. Is it a safe alternative for our immune system?

“…Lymphocytes were suspended in the medium at a density of 0.5 × 106/ per 12-well plate well and exposed to Steviol, in three different concentrations determined by the dose-effect curve for 24 hr. We assessed the specific toxicity for CD3+, CD4+, and CD8 + lymphocyte subpopulations by the Countess II FL Automatic Cell Counter (Thermo Fisher, Massachusetts, USA) equipped with EVOS ™ Light Cube GFP and Cy5 fluorescence cube and addition of anti-CD3 (FICT), anti-CD4 (FITC), and anti-CD8 (Cy5) previously in the samples according to the manufacturer's specifications (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) (Ribeiro et al, 2019).…”