Novas perspectivas para uma biorrefinaria de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil

Abstract

In the last decades environmental concerns and sustainability have grown. In this context, the biorefinery concept arose. In Brazil, one of the leading agro-industrial crops is the production of sugarcane. The sugar industry is already a model of a biorefinery because of the possibility of producing ethanol, sugar and even electricity. However, plant biomass still has a great potential to produce new materials and chemicals. Some of the capabilities are: (i) the use of the sugars from the polysaccharide fraction aiming the ethanol production; (ii) the production of pulp and paper; (iii) production of nanomaterials, among others. This work aims to seek and apply technologies and processes to obtain different products from sugarcane. The first used is the separation of the rind and core fractions of sugarcane: in the rind there is a low amount of sugar storage cells and a higher proportion of structural fibers, and also wax from the epidermis; the core fraction concentrates the majority of the sucrose rich broth as consequence of the high quantity of parenchyma cells. In order to increase the concentration of saccharides a hydrothermal process was studied using the own juice of sugar cane to extract sugars from the hemicellulose fraction. It was observed that for the hydrothermal reaction in neutral medium in the temperature range studied (110 to 130 °C) of about 95% saccharides are conserved. However, in these reaction conditions the hemicellulose preservation is also kept in this range, so it was found that the use of an acid catalyst allow similar saccharides recovery and accelerate the hemicellulose removal. Using similar procedures to those of the pulp and paper industry two cellulosic materials with differentiated physical and mechanical characteristics were obtained from the rind and core fractions of sugarcane. Although most parenchyma content in the original core material, it was observed that this fraction showed promising results with properties similar to commercial papers. From these pulps, two different nanofibrillated cellulosic materials were obtained, being the rind material a ductile material and the core a rigid (higher Young's modulus) and brittle (lower elongation at break) one. It was also found that from these pulps cellulose II nanocrystals can be produced using a process of hydrolysis and solubilization with sulfuric acid followed by a reprecipitation process. The production of cellulose I nanocrystals through processes using subcritical water with or without CO2 were developed. These processes have the potential to replace the current nanocrystals production since only water is used (with or without CO2) to promote the hydrolysis, compared to the traditional method, which uses high concentrations of sulfuric acid, thus enabling economical saves and producing less amount of wastes. Tabela 22. Coeficientes para os modelos 2 2 de hidrólise com água/dióxido de carbono em condições subcríticas.