Nouns and verbs in the brain: A review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies

Vigliocco, Gabriella; Vinson, David; Druks, Judit; Barber, Horacio A.; Cappa, Stefano F.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.007

Cited by 510 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Nevertheless, both techniques operate on the same theory-the "virtual lesion"-and rTMS has already proved effective concerning language tasks. 14,19,78,81 In other words, rTMS language mapping is already feasible, but there are some differences regarding the comparison with DCS language mapping. Furthermore, the classic distribution of human language function to Broca's and Wernicke's areas is no longer current, and it is even not definitely resolved how essential these 2 regions are.…”

Section: Discussion Rtms Versus Dcs Language Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation

Ille

Sollmann

Hauck

et al. 2015

JNS

100

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T he resection of tumors within or adjacent to language-eloquent brain regions is still a neurosurgical quest, and a profound presurgical workup is crucial to achieving the best functional and oncological result. 6,71 Today, the most precise way to localize individual language-eloquent regions is direct cortical stimulation (DCS) during awake craniotomy. 9,12,26,44,45,54,62,65,74 Using only DCS, however, we cannot provide the longitudinal abbreviatioNs BOLD = blood oxygen level-dependent; CPS = cortical parcellation system; DCS direct cortical stimulation; ER = error rate; ERT error rate threshold; fMRI = functional MRI; IPI = interpicture interval; NPV = negative predictive value; nTMS navigated TMS; PPV = positive predictive value; PTI = picture-to-trigger interval; RMT = resting motor threshold; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; rTMS repetitive navigated TMS; TMS = transcranial magnetic stimulation. obJect Repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is now increasingly used for preoperative language mapping in patients with lesions in language-related areas of the brain. Yet its correlation with intraoperative direct cortical stimulation (DCS) has to be improved. To increase rTMS's specificity and positive predictive value, the authors aim to provide thresholds for rTMS's positive language areas. Moreover, they propose a protocol for combining rTMS with functional MRI (fMRI) to combine the strength of both methods. methods The authors performed multimodal language mapping in 35 patients with left-sided perisylvian lesions by using rTMS, fMRI, and DCS. The rTMS mappings were conducted with a picture-to-trigger interval (PTI, time between stimulus presentation and stimulation onset) of either 0 or 300 msec. The error rates (ERs; that is, the number of errors per number of stimulations) were calculated for each region of the cortical parcellation system (CPS). Subsequently, the rTMS mappings were analyzed through different error rate thresholds (ERT; that is, the ER at which a CPS region was defined as language positive in terms of rTMS), and the 2-out-of-3 rule (a stimulation site was defined as language positive in terms of rTMS if at least 2 out of 3 stimulations caused an error). As a second step, the authors combined the results of fMRI and rTMS in a predefined protocol of combined noninvasive mapping. To validate this noninvasive protocol, they correlated its results to DCS during awake surgery. results The analysis by different rTMS ERTs obtained the highest correlation regarding sensitivity and a low rate of false positives for the ERTs of 15%, 20%, 25%, and the 2-out-of-3 rule. However, when comparing the combined fMRI and rTMS results with DCS, the authors observed an overall specificity of 83%, a positive predictive value of 51%, a sensitivity of 98%, and a negative predictive value of 95%. coNclusioNs In comparison with fMRI, rTMS is a more sensitive but less specific tool for preoperative language mapping than DCS. Moreover, rTMS is most reliable when using ERTs of 15%, 20...

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Section: Discussion Rtms Versus Dcs Language Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation

Ille

Sollmann

Hauck

et al. 2015

JNS

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…16 The potential of TMS to interfere with language tasks has been proved in several studies. 16,50,51 Yet these studies have been conducted without the use of neuronavigation, and the effects have not been compared with DCS. Recently a first anecdotal description of the clinical application of the new nTMS language mapping method was published.…”

Section: Preoperative Noninvasive Language Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Language Mapping by Preoperative Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Direct Cortical Stimulation During Awake Surgery

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND: Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is increasingly used in presurgical brain mapping. Preoperative nTMS results correlate well with direct cortical stimulation (DCS) data in the identification of the primary motor cortex. Repetitive nTMS can also be used for mapping of speech-sensitive cortical areas. OBJECTIVE: The current cohort study compares the safety and effectiveness of preoperative nTMS with DCS mapping during awake surgery for the identification of language areas in patients with left-sided cerebral lesions. METHODS: Twenty patients with tumors in or close to left-sided language eloquent regions were examined by repetitive nTMS before surgery. During awake surgery, language-eloquent cortex was identified by DCS. nTMS results were compared for accuracy and reliability with regard to DCS by projecting both results into the cortical parcellation system. RESULTS: Presurgical nTMS maps showed an overall sensitivity of 90.2%, specificity of 23.8%, positive predictive value of 35.6%, and negative predictive value of 83.9% compared with DCS. For the anatomic Broca's area, the corresponding values were a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 13.0%, positive predictive value of 56.5%, and negative predictive value of 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Good overall correlation between repetitive nTMS and DCS was observed, particularly with regard to negatively mapped regions. Noninvasive inhibition mapping with nTMS is evolving as a valuable tool for preoperative mapping of language areas. Yet its low specificity in posterior language areas in the current study necessitates further research to refine the methodology.

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“…19 Patients with brain damage often show double dissociations between their ability to name objects and actions, 20 suggesting that entity and event knowledge are mediated by different neural networks. Similarly, neuroimaging studies comparing objects with actions implicate distinct networks for these 2 types of knowledge (for a review, see 21 ). Although actions differ from objects, activity within sensory and motor cortices may nevertheless be an integral part of their conceptual representations.…”

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confidence: 99%

The functional neuroanatomy of actions

Watson¹,

Chatterjee²

2011

Neurology

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Our current understanding of the neural basis of semantic memory is informed primarily by studies of concrete objects. However, conceptual knowledge encompasses many other, albeit less concrete, domains. This article reviews evidence from neuroimaging and patient studies that speaks to the neural basis of action concepts and the words that refer to them. These data highlight 2 important principles governing the neural instantiation of semantic knowledge. First, the organization of conceptual representations in the brain parallels perception and action. Action concepts are at least partially represented within modality-specific areas responsible for the perception and execution of dynamic actions. Second, unimodal sensory and motor cortices act as "points of entry" for more abstract action knowledge. Increasingly abstract conceptual knowledge derived from these modalities is represented in brain areas located anterior and centripetal to modality-specific regions. Extending research on the neural basis of semantics to include dynamic and relational aspects of the world gives us a more complete appreciation of the range of cognitive and communication impairments that may be experienced by patients with neurologic disease. Neurology How is knowledge about the world represented in the mind and brain? Most research on this knowledge, referred to as semantic memory, focuses on understanding objects, concrete entities that clearly correspond to verbal labels. Broadly speaking, 2 ways of thinking about the organization of semantic knowledge have emerged from studies of healthy and neurologically impaired participants. On one perspective, semantic representations exist within a unitary system. These representations are amodal and organized according to their relative similarities.1,2 Patients with semantic dementia who exhibit general semantic impairments across many tasks (e.g., naming, drawing) are taken as evidence for an amodal semantic system.2 Semantic dementia is associated with progressive focal atrophy of bilateral anterior temporal cortex, 3 an area of the brain with many connections to posterior association areas 4 and thereby proposed as the location of amodal conceptual representations of objects. 3 An alternative perspective posits that the semantic system is not unitary or amodal and instead consists of multiple subsystems that each represents information from different sensorimotor modalities.5 Conceptual knowledge of objects arises from the weighted contributions of these modality-specific subsystems. Neuropsychological data also support "sensory/functional" accounts, as evidenced by patients with "category-specific" semantic deficits who show disproportionate impairments for one category of objects. The most widely reported category dissociation is between living things (e.g., animals) 5 and nonliving things (e.g., tools, artifacts). 6By a sensory/functional account, our knowledge of living things is derived primarily from visual attributes (e.g., the shape or color of a camel), while our knowled...

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Nouns and verbs in the brain: A review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies

Cited by 510 publications

References 151 publications

Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation

Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation

A Comparison of Language Mapping by Preoperative Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Direct Cortical Stimulation During Awake Surgery

The functional neuroanatomy of actions

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