“…The city also promised to use the revenue generated by the scheme to invest in an extension of the tram network and improve local buses. By framing it as a redistributive rather than regulatory initiative, this also made the idea more palatable for politicians and local businesses (Winter & Le, 2020), and also illustrated how the council was keen to develop a broader policy mix:It was a big decision for the council to make, to be the only authority to do this [introduce a workplace parking levy]. They were aware that it could be quite controversial… like a ‘tax on business’ or a ‘tax on jobs’.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The city also promised to use the revenue generated by the scheme to invest in an extension of the tram network and improve local buses. By framing it as a redistributive rather than regulatory initiative, this also made the idea more palatable for politicians and local businesses (Winter & Le, 2020), and also illustrated how the council was keen to develop a broader policy mix:…”
Section: Policy Drivers and Policy Choice In Nottinghammentioning
The literature on policy mixes tends to focus on the instruments that different jurisdictions adopt to tackle public problems, and how policies may complement or conflict with each other. Fewer studies examine the factors that influence instrument choice, particularly within multilevel contexts, despite a recognition that policy mixes to tackle similar issues vary substantially across and within countries. We present a new framework to help understand and predict policy choice in subnational governance, arguing that the level of local support for action influences the type of policy a city adopts, whereas top-down drivers shape the breadth of instruments it deploys.Drawing on in-depth stakeholder interviews and documentary analysis, we apply this framework to explain why two contrasting English cities selected their own distinctive policy mixes to combat air pollution. We suggest that where top-down drivers for action are strong but bottom-up support is muted, as was the case in Nottingham, municipal governments are likely to adopt a broad range of largely (re)distributive, informational and administrative instruments to tackle policy problems. Where local support is strong, as in Westminster, city authorities prefer to introduce regulations, because restrictions entail fewer political costs in these contexts and are more likely to be effective.
“…The city also promised to use the revenue generated by the scheme to invest in an extension of the tram network and improve local buses. By framing it as a redistributive rather than regulatory initiative, this also made the idea more palatable for politicians and local businesses (Winter & Le, 2020), and also illustrated how the council was keen to develop a broader policy mix:It was a big decision for the council to make, to be the only authority to do this [introduce a workplace parking levy]. They were aware that it could be quite controversial… like a ‘tax on business’ or a ‘tax on jobs’.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The city also promised to use the revenue generated by the scheme to invest in an extension of the tram network and improve local buses. By framing it as a redistributive rather than regulatory initiative, this also made the idea more palatable for politicians and local businesses (Winter & Le, 2020), and also illustrated how the council was keen to develop a broader policy mix:…”
Section: Policy Drivers and Policy Choice In Nottinghammentioning
The literature on policy mixes tends to focus on the instruments that different jurisdictions adopt to tackle public problems, and how policies may complement or conflict with each other. Fewer studies examine the factors that influence instrument choice, particularly within multilevel contexts, despite a recognition that policy mixes to tackle similar issues vary substantially across and within countries. We present a new framework to help understand and predict policy choice in subnational governance, arguing that the level of local support for action influences the type of policy a city adopts, whereas top-down drivers shape the breadth of instruments it deploys.Drawing on in-depth stakeholder interviews and documentary analysis, we apply this framework to explain why two contrasting English cities selected their own distinctive policy mixes to combat air pollution. We suggest that where top-down drivers for action are strong but bottom-up support is muted, as was the case in Nottingham, municipal governments are likely to adopt a broad range of largely (re)distributive, informational and administrative instruments to tackle policy problems. Where local support is strong, as in Westminster, city authorities prefer to introduce regulations, because restrictions entail fewer political costs in these contexts and are more likely to be effective.
“…Increased demands on local governments and reduced capacity have forced local actors to adopt increasingly entrepreneurial forms of governance (Harvey, 1989;. Similarly, in an effort to compete for scarce funding, local government entrepreneurialism has focused on new local 'arrangements' -i.e., partnerships with private, voluntary and knowledge sectors (Eckersley, 2018) to attract alternative funding (Christophers, 2019;Gillard et al, 2017;Pike et al, 2018) and real estate speculation (Lowndes & Pratchett, 2012;Meegan et al, 2014;Veeneman et al, 2015;Winter & Le, 2020). This process is clearly evident in the way the UK Government has transitioned to a more decentralised system where local actors are increasingly demanded to take actions independently, or in coordination amongst themselves, to accommodate opportunities for economic development and mitigate the effects of economic crisis (Clarke & Cochrane, 2013;HM Government, 2011;Ward et al, 2015).…”
Section: State Restructuring and Localism In The Uk: The Changing Nat...mentioning
The scale of the decarbonisation challenge and the short timeframes over which action is required demand urgent action. This paper is set within the surface transport sector, now the largest sector of emissions with the slowest pace of change in many advanced liberal economies. It focuses on the strategies and actions of local government which is recognised to be a central player in catalysing change. Our evidence is derived from the actions of two UK local areas which claim to be at the forefront of the decarbonisation challenge.The paper focuses on the role of funding and financial mechanisms in addressing the climate crisis. In the face of an established pattern of austerity and hollowing out of local government we explore how deep transformation is being envisaged. We find a recursive set of issues which derive from a dependence on funding from outwith. The lack of funding means that it is not so much that strategies cannot be funded but that the funding available is the core of the strategy. This means that the nature of the funds, such as the requirement for experimentation, innovation or private sector leverage, defines direction. In turn, and to maintain success in attracting funds there is an emphasis on presenting ‘premium spaces of ambition’ with little evidence of attention to broader systemic change. This duality is openly recognised. This paper advances a wider point that greater emphasis should be paid to the ‘financialisation’ of climate policy and the reality rather than the rhetoric of change.
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