Notifications of imported malaria in Western Australia, 1990–2001: incidence, associated factors and chemoprophylaxis

Charles, D; Hart, Julie; Davis, Wendy A.; Sullivan, Eleanor; Dowse, Gary K.; Davis, Timothy

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06646.x

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A higher incidence of P. vivax infections, compared to P. falciparum infections, is different from what is observed in Europe and the USA, where most imported cases come from Africa [18-20], but is similar to what is observed in Australia, where most cases come from Asia [16,21]. Notably, although the peak of cases detected in our study in 2004 does not directly mirror the profile of Brazil, where the highest incidence of malaria cases took place in 2005; however, 2004 was still marked by one of the highest number of cases [22]. Otherwise, no special event was found that would fully explain this pattern.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Imported malaria in a non-endemic area: the experience of the university of Campinas hospital in the Brazilian Southeast

Dos-Santos

Angerami

Castiñeiras

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundAlthough malaria in Brazil almost exclusively occurs within the boundaries of the Amazon Region, some concerns are raised regarding imported malaria to non-endemic areas of the country, notably increased incidence of complications due to delayed diagnoses. However, although imported malaria in Brazil represents a major health problem, only a few studies have addressed this subject.MethodsA retrospective case series is presented in which 263 medical charts were analysed to investigate the clinical and epidemiological characterization of malaria cases that were diagnosed and treated at Hospital & Clinics, State University of Campinas between 1998 and 2011.ResultsAmongst all medical charts analysed, 224 patients had a parasitological confirmed diagnosis of malaria. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were responsible for 67% and 30% of the infections, respectively. The majority of patients were male (83%) of a productive age (median, 37 years old). Importantly, severe complications did not differ significantly between P. vivax (14 cases, 9%) and P. falciparum (7 cases, 10%) infections.ConclusionsSevere malaria cases were frequent among imported cases in Brazil outside of the Amazon area. The findings reinforce the idea that P. vivax infections in Brazil are not benign, regardless the endemicity of the area studied. Moreover, as the hospital is located in a privileged site, it could be used for future studies of malaria relapses and primaquine resistance mechanisms. Finally, based on the volume of cases treated and the secondary complications, referral malaria services are needed in the non-endemic areas of Brazil for a rapid and efficient and treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Imported malaria in a non-endemic area: the experience of the university of Campinas hospital in the Brazilian Southeast

Dos-Santos

Angerami

Castiñeiras

et al. 2014

Malar J

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“…falciparum and P. vivax in various jurisdictions, including Ontario (Figure 7) [3,19–29]. Plasmodium falciparum was the principal etiological agent reported in Paris, France (90% of all cases) compared with Western Australia where only 24% of all cases are due to P.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ontario, females make up the majority of international travellers (57%), yet our analysis indicated that the rate of Plasmodium infection in males was twice that of females [14]. Predominance of men in imported malaria is well represented in the literature, for example Western Australia (80% of all cases are men); Amsterdam, the Netherlands (69%); and the UK (62%) are jurisdictions with a disproportionate number of male cases [21,23,29]. The distribution of male and female cases was not only associated with the diagnosing health unit, but also associated with infecting Plasmodium species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Demographic Profiles of Imported Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Infections in Ontario, Canada (1990–2009)

et al. 2013

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We examined malaria cases reported to Ontario’s public health surveillance systems from 1990 through 2009 to determine how temporal scale (longitudinal, seasonal), spatial scale (provincial, health unit), and demography (gender, age) contribute to Plasmodium infection in Ontario travellers. Our retrospective study included 4,551 confirmed cases of imported malaria reported throughout Ontario, with additional analysis at the local health unit level (i.e., Ottawa, Peel, and Toronto). During the 20-year period, Plasmodium vivax accounted for 50.6% of all cases, P. falciparum (38.6%), Plasmodium sp. (6.0%), P. ovale (3.1%), and P. malariae (1.8%). During the first ten years of the study (1990–1999), P. vivax (64% of all cases) was the dominant agent, followed by P. falciparum (28%); however, during the second ten years (2000–2009) the situation reversed and P. falciparum (55%) dominated, followed by P. vivax (30%). The prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax cases varied spatially (e.g., P. falciparum more prevalent in Toronto, P. vivax more prevalent in Peel), temporally (e.g. P. falciparum incidence increased during the 20-year study), and demographically (e.g. preponderance of male cases). Infection rates per 100,000 international travellers were estimated: rates of infection were 2× higher in males compared to females; rates associated with travel to Africa were 37× higher compared to travel to Asia and 126× higher compared to travel to the Americas; rates of infection were 2.3–3.5× higher in June and July compared to October through March; and rates of infection were highest in those 65–69 years old. Where exposure country was reported, 71% of P. falciparum cases reported exposure in Ghana or Nigeria and 63% of P. vivax cases reported exposure in India. Our study provides insights toward improving pre-travel programs for Ontarians visiting malaria-endemic regions and underscores the changing epidemiology of imported malaria in the province.

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“…Despite a high volume of international travel to and from Australia, detailed information on the contribution of travel to notifiable diseases is poorly captured in national data [12] and reason for travel is not routinely collected. Notifiable disease data does indicate a high proportion of travel-associated disease in immigrant Australians, including hepatitis A [13, 14], hepatitis E [13], typhoid [13], paratyphoid [13], tuberculosis [15, 16] and malaria [17]. While routine surveillance data does include country of birth, other indicators of ethnicity such as parents’ country of birth and language spoken at home are not reporting requirements, thereby not capturing disease in Australian-born children of immigrants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYImmigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%, P < 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.

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Notifications of imported malaria in Western Australia, 1990–2001: incidence, associated factors and chemoprophylaxis

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Imported malaria in a non-endemic area: the experience of the university of Campinas hospital in the Brazilian Southeast

Imported malaria in a non-endemic area: the experience of the university of Campinas hospital in the Brazilian Southeast

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Demographic Profiles of Imported Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Infections in Ontario, Canada (1990–2009)

The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance

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