Notes on the Western Red Fox

Livezey, R. L.; Evenden, Fred G.

doi:10.1093/jmammal/24.4.500-b

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Predators of Otospermophilus douglasii include the gopher snake ( Pituophis catenifer ), northern Pacific rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus ), common raven ( Corvus corax ), great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ), golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), red-tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ), northern shrike ( Lanius ludovicianus ), weasels ( Mustela spp. ), fisher ( Martes pennanti ), bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), coyote ( Canis latrans ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), as well as feral cats ( Felis catus ) and dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris Grinnell and Dixon 1918; Edge 1935a; Bond 1939a, 1939b; Livezey and Evenden 1943; Wilcomb 1948; Stoner 1949; Maser et al 1970; Nussbaum and Maser 1975; Connolly et al 1976; Barrett 1983; Witmer and deCalesta 1986; Towell and Anthony 1988; Raley and Aubry 2020; Holding et al 2021).…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Long,

Smith

2023

Mammalian Species

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Otospermophilus douglasii (Richardson, 1829), the Douglas ground squirrel, was first described as a species and then relegated to a subspecies of the California ground squirrel, O. beecheyi (Richardson, 1829). However, genetic data recently were interpreted as indicative of returning O. douglasii back to valid species status. This semi-fossorial, social species is brown with small white spots, a dark dorsal patch, and silvery shoulders. Occupying diverse habitats and elevations, this native species is an important prey species and is most abundant in grasslands and open woodlands. It forages primarily on seeds and vegetation but is also in conflict with humans as a crop pest and disease vector that damages infrastructure through creating elaborate burrow systems. Currently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has not provided a conservation assessment for O. douglasii.

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Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Long,

Smith

2023

Mammalian Species

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“…At about 2 months, cubs are weaned and food is then brought to them by their parents (Jackson 1961). Livezey and Evenden (1943) found that a pair of red foxes 3.2 kilometers west of Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon, had b r ought the following food to their seven pups: eight Beechey ground squirrels, several black-tailed jackrabbits, one brush rabbit, one domestic turkey, one domestic chicken, and one "Oregon" towhee; the remains were scattered in and around the den. (For additional information on the diets of fox cubs, see Englund (1969).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since they most often open in different directions, they afford the family a measure of safety. Even though the entrance to a den is usually littered with food refuse and other waste materials, the inner living quarters are often bare but always clean and tidy (Jackson 1961, Livezey and Evenden 1943, Seton 1928.…”

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confidence: 99%

Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals

Maser¹,

Mate²,

Franklin³

et al. 1981

109

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Maser, Chris, Bruce R. Mate, Jerry F. Franklin, and C. T. Dyrness. 1981 The book presents detailed information on the biology, habitats, and life histories of the 96 species of mammals of the Oregon coast. Soils, geology, and vegetation are described and related to wildlife habitats for the 65 terrestrial and 31 marine species. The book is not simply an identification guide to the Oregon coast mammals but is a dynamic portrayal of their habits and habitats. Life histories are based on fieldwork and available literature. An extensive bibliography is included. Personal anecdotes of the authors provide entertaining reading. The book should be of use to students, educators, land-use planners, resource managers, wildlife biologists, and naturalists.Keywords: Natural history, mammals (marine), mammals (land), Oregon coast, wildlife habitat. ForewordIt is a privilege to write a foreword to Natural Hisfory of Oregon Coast Mammals. I have observed the production of this book since its inception and believe it has two qualities that especially recommend it: First, it is timely, attuned to the almost indescribable sense of frustrated urgency that environmental matters must be dealt with by a mixture of wisdom, information, and common sense that seems impossible to obtain. Second, this book is one of authority, by writers who are able to give the best and most accurate accounting of the ecosystems that make up the coastal region of Oregon. It can be looked on as a model for similar treatises, and in fact it contains much information that is applicable to other areas. Allow me to expand briefly on these two points.We are living in a schizophrenic time: There is need for wise use of our resources and there is the companion need for sensible conservation. As residents of the Pacific Northwest, a phenomenally satisfying part of the world, we see the requirement and the push to provide an ever-better life for more and more people. This may be called the "Development Syndrome." It is well known and self explanatory.At the same time we know the extreme preciousness of naturalness and nature, called by many terms and related to inner feelings. This may be termed simply and best as the "Concern for Nature Syndrome." This syndrome is difficult to describe for it is different in each person. It embodies emotional requirements of feelings and perceptions. It combines remembrances with objective appraisals and hopes for the future. It is concerned with a basic need for stability in a changing world, for places that are changeless from childhood memories through present experiences into plans for the future.As many writers have compellingly stated, wilderness (or varieties of wilderness as perceived by the individual) is the symbolic evidence of the concern for nature. We, each of us, have our own needs and our own interpretations, stated or not, as to how these needs may be manifested and fulfilled. Theodore Roosevelt wrote iii (Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, Century, 1885): "In the after years there shall come forever the memory ...

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Projecting Wildlife Responses to Alternative Future Landscapes in Oregon's Willamette Basin

Schumaker

Ernst²,

White

et al. 2004

Ecological Applications

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Increasingly, environmental quality is becoming recognized as a critical factor that should constrain land use planning. One important measure of a landscape's quality is its capacity to support viable populations of wildlife species. But the ability of land managers to balance conservation with other competing objectives is limited by a shortage of methodologies for assessing landscape quality. In response to this shortage, the research community has begun developing a variety of multispecies, landscape‐level, assessment models. Useful models must strike a balance between parsimony and biological realism and must be designed to make the most of limited life history data. This paper applies two such assessments to an examination of wildlife responses to scenarios of landscape change within Oregon's Willamette River Basin. The study uses GIS maps of pre‐European settlement and circa 1990 habitat conditions, and three possible realizations of how the Basin might appear in the year 2050. Our simpler assessment generated statistics of landscape change from the GIS imagery and species–habitat relationships for all 279 amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species in the basin. Our more complex assessment used an individual‐based life history simulator to estimate population sizes for a small subset of this fauna. These two assessments offer complementary kinds of information about wildlife responses to landscape change: estimates of habitat changes for a large number of species representing a region's biodiversity, and estimates of changes in the persistence of populations of key species. We found both good and poor correlations between our two assessments, depending upon the species and landscape. Both assessments agreed in their overall ranking of the landscapes' quality for wildlife. In most cases, the percentage change in habitat quality underestimated the percentage change in population size. In a few cases, small gains in habitat quality were accompanied by very large increases in wildlife populations. We attribute discrepancies in our two assessments to the influence habitat fragmentation had on our individual‐based model. As such, our study provides a methodology for separating the influences of habitat quality and quantity from those of habitat pattern.

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Notes on the Western Red Fox

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals

Projecting Wildlife Responses to Alternative Future Landscapes in Oregon's Willamette Basin

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