Notes on the Superego

Hartmann, Heinz; Loewenstein, Rudolph M.

doi:10.1080/00797308.1962.11822838

Cited by 148 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Ego-psychology contributed immensely to revising this static, cross-sectional view by proposing a more far-reaching developmental theory of ego and superego development. Freud had postulated that the superego became established in latency after the resolution of the oedipal complex; Hartman and Lowenstein (1962) see the establishment of the superego as an on-going developmental process that begins in latency but continues through adolescence and early adulthood. In their view, what is involved is a constant readjustment between the ego, the ego ideal, and the superego to arrive at a workable equilibrium.…”

Section: Psychoanalytic Theorymentioning

confidence: 98%

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Theories Regarding The Development of Antisocial Behavior

Bird

2001

Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis

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Section: Psychoanalytic Theorymentioning

confidence: 98%

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Theories Regarding The Development of Antisocial Behavior

Bird

2001

Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis

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“…Motivation to attend can be analyzed from the perspective of self-determination motivation theory. Self-determination theory was developed by Ryan (1985, 1991), and is based on organismic theories (Hartmann & Loewenstein, 1962), which views human beings as organisms whose intrinsic or deeply rooted functioning can be assisted or hindered by the social context in which they operate.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An exploration of the motivation to attend for spectators of the Lexmark Indy 300 Champ Car event, Gold Coast

Menzies

Nguyen

2012

Journal of Sport & Tourism

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The perceptions of spectators (N ¼ 36) at the Lexmark Indy 300 Champ Car event were assessed via qualitative methods to evaluate their internal and external motivations to attend. The characteristics of the majority of attendees who were interviewed for this study were predominantly male, 26 -35 years old, from Queensland, and who earned around AUD$50,000-75,000 per annum. The most common reason to attend was the atmosphere that the event created, in particular, the entertainment options. Other reasons included watching the race, the location, living nearby, attending with friends or family and interacting and socializing with other people who also attend. The findings revealed that participants attended to escape every day life, or that they were a 'true fan' of the motorsport. The findings of the study have implications for sport marketers who wish to communicate to those individuals in more targeted approaches for a more efficient and effective impact. IntroductionWith dwindling financial support and capacity commonly experienced by sporting events, the examination of the organization's relationships to its major stakeholder, its customer or sport spectator is a critical management consideration (Mitchell et al., 1997). Sport marketing researchers (Zhang et al., 1997) advised that strategic marketing efforts should be based on a clear understanding of their spectators and the motivating factors for their attitudes and in particular their behaviors (e.g. spectator attendance). Attendance to sport events generates revenue from ticket sales and corporate boxes, Jane L. Menzies is at the Deakin Graduate

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“…Clinical theory and case studies make frequent reference to a maladaptive guilt characterized by chronic self-blame and obsessive rumination over one's transgressions (Blatt 1974, Ellis 1962, Freud 1924/1961, Hartmann & Loewenstein 1962, Rodin et al 1984, Weiss 1993. Recently, however, theorists and researchers have emphasized the adaptive functions of guilt, particularly for interpersonal behavior (Baumeister et al 1994(Baumeister et al , 1995aHoffman 1982;Tangney 1991Tangney , 1994Tangney , 1995bTangney et al 1992;Tangney & Dearing 2002).…”

Section: Hiding Versus Amendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior

Tangney

Stuewig

Mashek

2007

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

2,362

2,336

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Moral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior. This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions. We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced "self-conscious" emotionsshame, guilt, and embarrassment. As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt. We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions. Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or "collective" experiences of shame and guilt. In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions-elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience of pride. Finally, we discuss briefly a morally relevant emotional process-other-oriented empathy. Keywordsshame; guilt; pride; elevation; gratitude OVERVIEWWhat confluence of factors foster a moral life lived to the benefit of self and others? This review summarizes current theory and research on moral emotions, offering a framework for thinking about the ways in which morally relevant emotions may moderate the link between moral standards and moral decisions, and ultimately moral behavior.Living a moral, constructive life is defined by a weighted sum of countless individual, morally relevant behaviors enacted day in and day out (plus an occasional particularly selfdefining moment). As imperfect human beings, however, our behavior does not always bear a one-to-one correspondence to our moral standards.Many potential explanations exist for the discrepancy between behavioral decisions (intentions) and actual behavior in both moral and nonmoral domains. Historically, much social psychological theory and research was devoted to understanding the imperfect link between intentions (e.g., moral decisions) and behavior. Field theory, the very foundation of social psychology, highlights the variability of individual behavior as a function of

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Notes on the Superego

Cited by 148 publications

References 34 publications

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Theories Regarding The Development of Antisocial Behavior

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Theories Regarding The Development of Antisocial Behavior

An exploration of the motivation to attend for spectators of the Lexmark Indy 300 Champ Car event, Gold Coast

Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior

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