Notes on the Soils of Syria

Muir, Alex.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1951.tb00598.x

Cited by 44 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Palygorskite occurrences have been recorded in marine, peri-marine, and diverse non-marine deposits (Verrecchia & LeCoustumer, 1996). In peri-marine and non-marine environments, palygorskite appears to form in settings characterized by detrital sedimentation under different saline conditions (Muir, 1951;Botha & Hughes, 1992). In a recent study on the lacustrine sediments of Linxia basin, northwestern China, we found that palygorskite occurs in close association with chlorite and illite and its formation involves the alteration of both minerals.…”

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confidence: 81%

“…Palygorskite commonly occurs in desert and semi-arid soils and is characteristic of soils formed from soft chalk, marl, aeolian dust and it is also reported in calcretes, caliches or carbonate-rich soils. It is mainly derived from alteration of smectite (Weaver & Beck, 1977;Sancho et al, 1992;Rodas et al, 1994;Chahi et al, 1999), montmorillonite, montmorillonite-illite (Heystek & Schmidt, 1953;Bachmann & Machette, 1977;Patil & Surana, 1992) and, to a lesser extent, Mg-rich basic rocks (Muir, 1951;Hutton & Dixon, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Authigenic palygorskite in Miocene sediments in Linxia basin, Gansu, northwestern China

Hong¹,

Yu²,

Xiao³

et al. 2007

Clay miner.

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The mineralogical characteristics of authigenic palygorskite occurring with chlorite and illite in Miocene sediments in Linxia basin were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The XRD results suggest that the mineral composition of the sediments includes mainly quartz, chlorite, illite, calcite, plagioclase, orthoclase, minor palygorskite and small amounts of gypsum and ankerite. Two kinds of palygorskite were observed in the sediments, relatively straight fibrous particles found in matted, felted masses associated with platy chlorite and silky aggregates found in the void spaces. The former probably replaces chlorite grains, growing from the edges or the fissures of chlorite particles. Chlorite grains exhibit bay-shaped or rounded edges, with ambiguous felted boundaries between chlorite particles, indicative of an intensive dissolution process and the growth of palygorskite at the expense of chlorite. Palygorskite is also observed as inclusions within calcite, sprouting from or coating calcite surfaces, suggesting that palygorskite crystallized from solution. The textural relations of palygorskite and the occurrence of ankerite and the characteristically Fe-bearing palygorskite in the sediments suggest the destruction and hydrolysis of chlorite. The ankerite seems to be preferentially present in the void spaces, closely associated with chlorite and illite; fibrous palygorskite crystallizes at the edges of these clay mineral particles and the platy clay mineral particles are gradually replaced by fibrous palygorskite crystals, suggesting that alteration of chlorite to palygorskite involves an interaction with water during the diagenetic process.

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confidence: 81%

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confidence: 99%

Authigenic palygorskite in Miocene sediments in Linxia basin, Gansu, northwestern China

Hong¹,

Yu²,

Xiao³

et al. 2007

Clay miner.

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“…Hosking (1941) states that from the same parent rock under different conditions of climate, topography, and time, both soils containing kaolin and soils containing montmorillonite can develop. According to Muir (1951) kaolin is the typical clay mineral in terra rossa. In the terra rossa of Spain and Western Africa illite was found to be the dominant clay mineral ; montmorillonite was not detected (Mufioz, 1953).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Colloids in the Soils of Israel

Ravikovitch

Pines²,

Ben-Yair³

1960

Journal of Soil Science

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By their chemical composition, the colloids from various types of soils in Israel may be grouped into three classes. According to their mineralogical composition the colloids represent various associations, two of which are conspicuous.(a) Colloids with SiO,/R,O, ratio of 2.0-2.6. They are devoid of calcium carbonate, relatively poor in potassium and phosphorus, and content of organic matter is generally moderate. In the combination of clay minerals found, kaolin is predominant; in addition there are present illite, hematite, quartz, and, in some instances, montmorillonite. These colloids are characteristic of soils belonging to the Mediterranean red earths including terra rossas, brown Mediterranean soils, and brown-red sandy soils-leached soils of the humid and sub-humid regions, formed from hard limestone, dolomite, hard chalk, and kurkar.(b) Colloids with SiO,/R,O, ratio of 3'6-5.2. Rich in calcium carbonate, potassium, and phosphorus, relatively poor in organic matter. In the association of clay minerals, montmorillonite is predominant; in addition there are also present illite, kaolin, and quartz. I n some instances attapulgite was identified in appreciable quantities. T h e colloids also contain considerable quantities of calcite. T h e soils for which these colloids are characteristic were formed from soft chalk, marl, aeolian desert dust, and are found principally in the semi-arid and arid regions of Israel. They include rendzinas of the mountains and valleys, loess, aeolian sandy soils, and hamadas.(c) Colloids with SiO,/R,O, ratio of 3.4-3.8. Most of them contain calcium carbonate, their potassium content is moderate, and they are relatively poor in phosphorus and organic matter. By their mineralogical composition these colloids resemble the combination in which montmorillonite is the principal clay mineral. They are characteristic of alluvial soils formed from alluvium of the Mediterranean red earths and rendzinas. T h e soils were developed under subhumid and semi-arid climatic conditions. IN the course of the soil survey carried out on Israel soils, a study of the nature of the soil colloids was conducted in order to supplement and clarify views on the origin, formation, and properties of various soil types.Among the factors influencing the formation of the soils and determining their characteristics, the parent material and the climate are of prime importance. The variation in parent material, climate, and density of vegetation cover are great in the different regions of Israel.It may be noted that under identical humid and sub-humid climatic conditions on hard limestone or dolomite, terra rossa soils free of lime develop, and on chalk and marl rendzina soils rich in lime are formed. On the other hand under arid climatic conditions coarse desert calcareous soils develop from the same parent material which produces terra rossas in the humid and sub-humid regions.Changes occurring in the parent rocks during the course of the weathering process resulting in the formation of soils with very different p...

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“…Indeed, the two terra rossa samples analysed in this paper also include some amphiboles and pyroxenes of very small size (between 50 and 100 μm). In Syria, terra rossas are located in the western part of the country, in the mountainous chain of the Jebel Ansariye that separates the inland from the sea, as well as west and north‐west of Aleppo (Muir 1951; Reifenberg 1952; Wolfart 1967). Similar soil formations are also known in Lebanon, but this origin can be excluded, since the cooking ware repertoire in Lebanon is different from that of the Brittle Ware 3 .…”

Section: Raw Materials Provenancementioning

confidence: 99%

COOKING WARES IN ANCIENT SYRIA (FIRST TO 10TH CENTURIES ad): RECONSTRUCTING THE PRODUCTION CONTEXTS FROM THE CONSUMPTION SITES

Vokaer

2010

Archaeometry

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This paper deals with Brittle Ware, a cooking ware product that appears to have been highly standardized and widely distributed in Syria during the Roman and the Byzantine periods. The study intends to determine the distribution of Brittle Ware through time and space, by combining typology and a thorough examination of the fabrics in the field, using binocular microscopy (n = 2807 diagnostic fragments). Based on the fabric groupings, petrological and chemical analyses were then undertaken. Resting on an archaeological background and several analytical methods, this paper aims at going beyond a limited provenance study, by characterizing the Brittle Ware production system and thus providing some insights into the economy of ancient Syria.

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Notes on the Soils of Syria

Cited by 44 publications

References 4 publications

Authigenic palygorskite in Miocene sediments in Linxia basin, Gansu, northwestern China

Authigenic palygorskite in Miocene sediments in Linxia basin, Gansu, northwestern China

Composition of Colloids in the Soils of Israel

COOKING WARES IN ANCIENT SYRIA (FIRST TO 10TH CENTURIES ad): RECONSTRUCTING THE PRODUCTION CONTEXTS FROM THE CONSUMPTION SITES

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