Notes on the Amphibians and Reptiles of Crater Lake National Park

Farner, Donald S.; Kezer, James

doi:10.2307/2422104

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…They occur in various habitats, including coniferous forests, inland valleys, and subalpine areas, to an elevation of 3100 m (Eagleson 1976, Farner and Kezer 1953, Nussbaum and others 1983. They require relatively permanent quiet bodies of water for reproduction (for example, ponds, lakes, and slow parts of streams) and are absent from areas devoid of such waters.…”

Section: Ecology and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pond larvae have 7 to 10 gill rakers on the antehor face of the third gill arch. Larvae usually metamorphose in their second year of life at around 50 mm SVL, or they may become paedogenetic in their second or third year.According to Farner and Kezer (1953), Lindsey (1966), and Nussbaum and others (1983 This salamander ranges from the southwestern tip of Alaska through coastal British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and western Washington, and Oregon to northwestern California. Although two subspecies are recognized, A. g. decorticatum, the British Columbia salamander, and A. g. gracile, the brown salamander, this designation is controversial (Titus 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Blaustein¹,

Beatty²,

Olson³

et al. 1995

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This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. The amphibian and reptile fauna of older forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest includes several endemic species, species with unique behavioral and ecological characteristics, and species whose populations have been in decline in recent years. We review the biology of these species and include information oh their distinguishing characteristics, behavior, and ecology. Herpetofaunal associations with forest characteristics and the impact of habitat loss are addressed.Keywords: Amphibian, reptile, old-growth forest, Pacific Northwest, ecology. (Ehrlich 1988, McNeely and others 1990, Soule' 1986. A continual loss of biodiversity can have far-reaching ecological, economic, social, medical, and ethical consequences (for example, Green and Losos 1988, Oldfield 1984, Soule' 1986, Wilson 1988. Members of all taxonomic groups are affected, and threatened species exist in all the vertebrate classes.As part of the overall biodiversity crisis, several recent reports have suggested that many species within the vertebrate classes Amphibia and Reptilia are undergoing population declines and range reductions (Beebee 1992, Blaustein and Wake 1990, Blaustein and others 1994a, Phillips 1990, Vial and Saylor 1993. The declines of some species are especially perplexing because they are disappearing in areas of the world that are devoid of obvious habitat destruction, pollution, and exotic competitors or predators.Amphibians and reptiles are important components in many ecosystems. They can occupy key trophic positions in food webs of both aquatic and terrestrial systems. As adults, they can be top carnivores, and as larvae or juveniles, they may be the major food source of many other species including birds, mammals, fish, and invertebrates. In some forest ecosystems, amphibians may comprise the major component of the vertebrate biomass (for example, Burton and Likens 1975, Bury 1988). Moreover, under certain conditions, amphibians may be good "bioindicators" of environmental stress because of various aspects of their life histories, including their physiological and behavioral characteristics, morphogenetic patterns, and aspects of their population biology. The decline in amphibians may be an early warning signal that, ultimately, other organisms also may be in danger of decline and extinction.There is growing concern over the impact of potential losses in biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in forest systems/The herpetofauna of these forests can reach relatively high densities and comprise the dominant component of faunal biomass (for example, Bury 1988). Additionally, some forest species are unique and extremely interesting, such as the giant salamanders (Dicamptodon species) which are thought to be the largest terrestrial salamanders, the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei) whose males have copulatory organs, the Cascades frog (R. cascadae) whose larvae may aggre...

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Section: Ecology and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Blaustein¹,

Beatty²,

Olson³

et al. 1995

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“…A. gracile of the maculatum group lays its eggs in large, firm, globular masses (Farner and Kezer, 1953;Knudsen, 1960) as does A. maculatum (Bleakney, 1957;Smith, 1911). The opacum group in turn may have arisen from a part of the maculatum group.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Relations Hipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Breeding Habits of the Ringed Salamander, Ambystoma annulatum (Cope), in NorthWestern Arkansas

Spotila¹,

Beumer²

1970

American Midland Naturalist

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“…Concentrations in other genera such as Notophthalmus and Cynops often range from 1 –4 µg TTX g −1 , while only trace amounts have been detected in Triturus (Wakely et al, 1966; Yotsu et al, 1990). Adult Taricha are hypothesized to use TTX as a chemical defense against predators, including birds, fishes, and garter snakes (Brodie III et al, 2005; Brodie Jr, 1968; Farner and Kezer, 1953; Storm, 1948). Predation on newts has often been studied as part of a coevolutionary framework positing that adult Taricha have evolved greater toxicity in response to predation by garter snakes, which can develop genetic resistance to the toxin (Brodie III et al, 2005; Brodie III and Brodie Jr, 1999, 1990; Toledo et al, 2016; Williams et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noxious newts and their natural enemies: Experimental effects of tetrodotoxin exposure on trematode parasites and aquatic macroinvertebrates

Calhoun

Bucciarelli

Kats

et al. 2017

Toxicon

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The dermal glands of many amphibian species secrete toxins or other noxious substances as a defense strategy against natural enemies. Newts in particular possess the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), for which the highest concentrations are found in species within the genus Taricha. Adult Taricha are hypothesized to use TTX as a chemical defense against vertebrate predators such as garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.). However, less is known about how TTX functions to defend aquatic-developing newt larvae against natural enemies, including trematode parasites and aquatic macroinvertebrates. Here we experimentally investigated the effects of exogenous TTX exposure on survivorship of the infectious stages (cercariae) of five species of trematode parasites that infect larval amphibians. Specifically, we used dose-response curves to test the sensitivity of trematode cercariae to progressively increasing concentrations of TTX (0.0 [control], 0.63, 3.13, 6.26, 31.32, and 62.64 nmol L−1) and how this differed among parasite species. We further compared these results to the effects of TTX exposure (0 and 1,000 nmolL−1) over 24 hr on seven macroinvertebrate taxa commonly found in aquatic habitats with newt larvae. TTX significantly reduced the survivorship of trematode cercariae for all species, but the magnitude of such effects varied among species. Ribeiroia ondatrae – which causes mortality and limb malformations in amphibians – was the least sensitive to TTX, whereas the kidney-encysting Echinostoma trivolvis was the most sensitive. Among the macroinvertebrate taxa, only mayflies (Ephemeroptera) showed a significant increase in mortality following exogenous TTX exposure, despite the use of a concentration 16x higher than the maximum used for trematodes. Our results suggest that maternal investment of TTX into larval newts may provide protection against certain trematode infections and highlight the importance of future work assessing the effects of newt toxicity on both parasite infection success and the palatability of larval newts to invertebrate predators.

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Notes on the Amphibians and Reptiles of Crater Lake National Park

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

The Breeding Habits of the Ringed Salamander, Ambystoma annulatum (Cope), in NorthWestern Arkansas

Noxious newts and their natural enemies: Experimental effects of tetrodotoxin exposure on trematode parasites and aquatic macroinvertebrates

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