Notes on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a Ciliate Parasitic on Fresh-Water Fishes, with Some Remarks on Possible Physiological Races and Species

Nigrelli, Ross F.; Pokorny, Kathryn S.; Ruggieri, George D.

doi:10.2307/3225383

Cited by 100 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a common obligate, highly motile, free-swimming ectoparasitic pathogen in invertebrates and vertebrates [302,303], including freshwater fishes [304,305]. One of the major clinicopathological manifestations of scuticociliatosis-infected fishes are dark colouration, excessive body mucus, loss of scales, hemorrhagic and/or bleached spots on the skin, and dermal necrotic lesions that finally destroy tissues leading to high mortalities (reviewed by [306]).…”

Section: Fish Skin Mucosal Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal's immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

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Section: Fish Skin Mucosal Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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“…The disease ichthyophthiriasis, caused by I. multifiliis, probably results in more damage to freshwater fish populations worldwide than any other eukaryote pathogen (Hines and Spira 1973;Rogers and Gaines 1975;Matthews 2005). The life cycle of this parasite is direct and consists of three stages: an infective theront, a parasitic trophont, and a reproductive tomont (Nigrelli et al 1976;Noe and Dickerson 1995;Swennes et al 2006). Both the theront and tomont stages are free living in the life cycle of I. multifiliis (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Ling

Wang

et al. 2011

Parasitol Res

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that can infect most species of freshwater fish worldwide and often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Potassium ferrate(VI), as a potential therapeutic agent for external protozoan parasite infections, has been proven to kill I. multifiliis theronts effectively; however, no information is available on effects of potassium ferrate(VI) exposure to I. multifiliis tomonts. This study evaluated the effects of potassium ferrate(VI) on the survival and reproduction of I. multifiliis tomonts. The results of experiment 1 showed that potassium ferrate(VI) at concentrations of 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L resulted in tomont survival rates of 82.2%, 34.2%, 14.6%, and 0, respectively, and significant differences were noted in tomont reproduction between the treatments and the control (P<0.05). Additionally, this study was designed to determine the effect of potassium ferrate(VI) toxicity on age of the tomont. The results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis was more resistant to potassium ferrate(VI) treatments. In addition, this study was designed to investigate I. multifiliis tomont survival and reproduction when collected from infested goldfish in potassium ferrate(VI) solutions at different concentrations (0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 mg/L) for 30 min. It was found that the tomont survivals in the treatments were significantly lower than those in the control (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that a bath with potassium ferrate(VI) possibly was an effective method to treat ichthyophthiriasis.

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“…The parasite, with a wide temperature tolerance (Wagner 1960;Aihua and Buchmann 2001) and a very low degree of host specificity (Buchmann and Nielsen 1999), is probably the most widespread parasite of freshwater teleosts with a geographical range extending from the tropics to temperate regions, northwards in Europe to the Arctic Circle (Matthews 2005), and caused disease (ichthyophthiriasis) not only in wild freshwater fish and in freshwater aquaculture (Nigrelli et al 1976;Wurtsbaugh and Tapia 1988;Buchmann and Bresciani 1997;Traxler et al 1998;Rintamaki-Kinnunen et al 2005a,b), but also in the ornamental fish trade (Kim et al 2002;Thilakaratne et al 2003;Matthews 2005). Infections with I. multifiliis are causing extensive economic losses for conventional earth pond fish farmers as well as fish farmers using new high-technology re-circulated systems (Jorgensen et al 2008;Heinecke and Buchmann 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

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Notes on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a Ciliate Parasitic on Fresh-Water Fishes, with Some Remarks on Possible Physiological Races and Species

Cited by 100 publications

References 3 publications

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

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