Note on the variable composition of melanochalcite

Hunt, Walter Fred; Kraus, Ernst

doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-41.242.211

American Journal of Science

1916

DOI: 10.2475/ajs.s4-41.242.211

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Note on the variable composition of melanochalcite

Walter Fred Hunt¹,

Ernst Kraus²

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“…44 The shape and weight of his brain and the size of his lungs differed from whites; his leg bones are longer. 45 Several observers concluded that black soldiers were "less enduring than the white soldier; less active, vigilant, and enterprising, and more given to malingering." 46 The measurements, medical cases, autopsy reports, and observations produced out of the study of African American soldiers were used by medical professionals, anthropologists, statisticians and insurance companies, to support a wide range of conclusions about African Americans -not only endorsing the notion of race, but importantly, the notion of a racial hierarchy -and the inferiority of "the negro."…”

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confidence: 99%

Surviving Wartime Emancipation: African Americans and the Cost of Civil War

Schwalm¹

2011

J. Law. Med. Ethics

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confidence: 99%

Surviving Wartime Emancipation: African Americans and the Cost of Civil War

Schwalm¹

2011

J. Law. Med. Ethics

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Heirs of the revolution: X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America

Heaney

2020

American Mineralogist

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The founding of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in 1919 followed so closely on the heels of the discovery of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in 1912 that one might hypothesize a causal link. Was MSA born out of this scientific revolution? The formation of our Society conventionally is attributed to the desire for a professional journal and the need to emerge from the shadow of the Geological Society of America, but these issues were not new in 1919. This review argues that MSA's birth can be understood by an exploration of two historical strains: (1) Although modern notions of atomism traditionally are associated with the emergence of the kinetic theory of gases in the late 19th century, mineralogists had invoked ordered atomic spheres as the fundamental metaphor for crystalline structures over a century earlier, leading directly to W.L. Bragg's discovery of the atomic design in halite; and (2) in contrast to the broader chemistry community, mineralogists were uniquely poised to embrace X-ray diffraction and the revolution in crystallography that attended it. This revelation gave rise to a sense of distinct identity. An examination of MSA's early records unambiguously reveals that U.S. mineralogists were closely attuned to the crystallographic insurgency as it took place across the Atlantic. In particular, Edgar T. Wherry, one of the organizers of the American Mineralogist and of the Society, actively dis-seminated information about the new discoveries to his colleagues in the United States. Other founders of MSA similarly championed the transformative character of the new crystallography, thereby warranting the establishment of a specialized professional society. The continuing force of the revolution is revealed in a counter-reaction a century later, as mineralogists have renewed their focus on phases at the boundary between crystals and glasses, leading to reconsiderations of the meaning of crystallinity.

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Note on the variable composition of melanochalcite

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Surviving Wartime Emancipation: African Americans and the Cost of Civil War

Surviving Wartime Emancipation: African Americans and the Cost of Civil War

Heirs of the revolution: X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America

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