Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages

McNemar, Quinn

doi:10.1007/bf02295996

Cited by 3,406 publications

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“…The sample set provides an 80% power to detect a significant difference between any two display's sensitivities of 80% vs. less than 70% assuming a one-sided McNemar's test of paired proportions at an alpha level of 0.05. 5,9 The experimental design included five factors: display type, observer, day, order in day, and image sets. The five level observer response (1 = negative, 5 = positive) was dichotomized as positive if 3, 4, or 5, and negative if 1 or 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ROC Study of Four LCD Displays Under Typical Medical Center Lighting Conditions

et al. 2006

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Nine observers reviewed a previously assembled library of 320 chest computed radiography (CR) images. Observers participated in four sessions, reading a different 1/4 of the sample on each of four liquid crystal displays: a 2-megapixel (MP) consumer color display, a 2-MP business color display, a 2-MP medical-grade gray display, and a 3-MP gray display. Each display was calibrated according to the DICOM Part 14 standard. The viewing application required observer login, then randomized the order of the subsample seen on the display, and timed the responses of the observer to render a 1Y Y5 judgment on the absence or presence of ILD on chest CRs. Selections of 1Y Y2 were considered negative, 3 was indeterminate, and 4Y Y5 were positive. The order of viewing sessions was also randomized for each observer. The experiment was conducted under controlled lighting, temperature, and sound conditions to mimic conditions typically found in a patient examination room. Lighting was indirect, and illuminance at the display face was 195 T 8% lux and was monitored over the course of the experiment. The average observer sensitivity for the 2 MP color consumer, 2 MP business color, 2 MP gray, and 3 MP gray displays were 83.7%, 84.1%, 85.5%, and 86.7%, respectively. The only pairwise significant difference was between the 2-MP consumer color and the 2-MP gray (P = 0.05). Effect of order within a session was not significant (P = 0.21): period 1 (84.3%), period 2 (86.2%), period 3 (85.4%), period 4 (84.1%). Observer specificity for the various displays was not statistically significant (P = 0.21). Finally, a timing analysis showed no significant difference between the displays for the user group (P = 0.13), ranging from 5.3 s (2 MP color business) to 5.9 s (3 MP Gray). There was, however, a reduction in time over the study that was significant (P G G G 0.001) for all users; the group average decreased from 6.5 to 4.7 s per image. Physical measurements of the resolution, contrast, and noise properties of the displays were acquired. Most notably, the noise of the displays varied by 3.5Â Â Â Â between the lowest and highest noise displays. Differences in display noise were indicative of observer performance. However, the large difference in the magnitude of the noise was not predictive of the small difference (3%) in the observer sensitivity for various displays. This is likely because detection of interstitial lung disease is limited by B B B B Banatomical noise^rather than display or x-ray image noise.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ROC Study of Four LCD Displays Under Typical Medical Center Lighting Conditions

et al. 2006

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“…The McNemar's test23 was used to determine whether differences existed between the sensitivity of TSH to that of T 4 , T 3 , or fT 4 concentrations as diagnostic tests for hyperthyroidism in cats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Serum Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone Concentration as a Diagnostic Test for Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Peterson

Guterl

Nichols

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

112

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BackgroundIn humans, measurement of serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is commonly used as a first‐line discriminatory test of thyroid function. Recent reports indicate that canine TSH (cTSH) assays can be used to measure feline TSH and results can help diagnose or exclude hyperthyroidism.ObjectivesTo investigate the usefulness of cTSH measurements as a diagnostic test for cats with hyperthyroidism.AnimalsNine hundred and seventeen cats with untreated hyperthyroidism, 32 euthyroid cats suspected of having hyperthyroidism, and 131 clinically normal cats.MethodsProspective study. Cats referred to the Animal Endocrine Clinic for suspected hyperthyroidism were evaluated with serum T4, T3, free T4 (fT 4), and TSH concentrations. Thyroid scintigraphy was used as the gold standard to confirm or exclude hyperthyroidism.ResultsMedian serum TSH concentration in the hyperthyroid cats (<0.03 ng/mL) was significantly (P < .001) lower than concentrations in clinically normal cats (0.05 ng/mL) or euthyroid cats with suspected thyroid disease (0.06 ng/mL). Only 18 (2.0%) hyperthyroid cats had measurable TSH concentrations (≥0.03 ng/mL), whereas 114 (69.9%) of the 163 euthyroid cats had detectable concentrations. Combining serum TSH with T4 or fT 4 concentrations lowered the test sensitivity of TSH from 98.0 to 97.0%, but markedly increased overall test specificity (from 69.9 to 98.8%).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSerum TSH concentrations are suppressed in 98% of hyperthyroid cats, but concentrations are measurable in a few cats with mild‐to‐moderate hyperthyroidism. Measurement of serum TSH represents a highly sensitive but poorly specific test for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and is best measured in combination with T4 and fT 4.

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“…Tolerance of isomalt and lycasin HBC in children and adults A Lee et al Statistics GI responses for both children and adults were regarded as categorical (yes=no), and considered to be non-parametric. Products were compared by 2Â2 contingency table analysis according to the methods of McNemar (1947) to test for differences in responses following product consumption but without accounting for the order of product presentation. The binomial test was used when four subjects reported GI responses or when the expected frequency in each cell of the contingency table was less than 5.…”

Section: Adult Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparative gastrointestinal responses of children and adults following consumption of sweets formulated with sucrose, isomalt and lycasin HBC

et al. 2002

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Objectives:To determine the gastrointestinal responses of children and adults following consumption of sucrose, isomalt and lycasin HBC and to compare these at two different dose levels in adults. Design: Both studies were randomised, double-blind, cross-over designs. Subjects: Fifty-one children aged 6 -9 y were recruited from primary schools in the Salford area of Greater Manchester. Fortyeight children completed the study. Fifty healthy adult volunteers aged 18 -24 y were recruited from the student population of the University of Salford. All subjects completed the study. Interventions: Children consumed either 25 g of sucrose, isomalt or lycasin HBC and adults 25 and 40 g in hard boiled sweets per day for two consecutive test days. Test periods of 2 days were separated by 7 day washout periods. Children consumed sweets throughout test days and adults in no less than 30 min but no more than 90 min. Subjects reported the prevalence and magnitude of flatulence, borborygmi, bloating, colic, bowel movements and watery faeces. Results: Consumption of 25 g isomalt provoked a mild laxative effect in children but not in adults. Consumption of 25 g isomalt significantly increased the prevalence and magnitude of gastrointestinal responses in both children and adults. Consumption of 25 g lycasin HBC significantly increased borborygml in children and adults but no other gastrointestinal responses. Consumption of 40 g lycasin HBC or isomalt by adults significantly increased the mean frequency of bowel movements and the number of subjects passing watery faeces. In adults, 40 g isomalt and lycasin HBC provoked significantly more gastrointestinal responses compared to 25 g of either product. Conclusions: Consumption of 25 g lycasin HBC does not provoke an unacceptable laxative effect or gastrointestinal response in children or adults compared to 25 g isomalt, which is associated with a mild laxative effect and increase in gastrointestinal responses. In adults gastrointestinal responses following consumption of products were found to be dose dependent.

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Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages

Cited by 3,406 publications

References 0 publications

ROC Study of Four LCD Displays Under Typical Medical Center Lighting Conditions

ROC Study of Four LCD Displays Under Typical Medical Center Lighting Conditions

Evaluation of Serum Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone Concentration as a Diagnostic Test for Hyperthyroidism in Cats

The comparative gastrointestinal responses of children and adults following consumption of sweets formulated with sucrose, isomalt and lycasin HBC

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