Not Race or Age but Their Interaction Predicts Pre-Adolescents’ Inhibitory Control

Assari, Shervin; Akhlaghipour, Golnoush

doi:10.22158/ct.v3n2p50

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…In another analysis, the effect of parental education on inhibitory control was weaker for black than white children [ 102 ]. In another analysis of ABCD study data, age had weaker effects of inhibitory control for black than white children [ 63 ]. Similar results were found for the effects of age on children’s dimensional card changing activities [ 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Built on the MDRs phenomenon overall [ 44 , 45 , 75 , 76 ], MDRs of parental education on cognitive ability [ 60 , 62 , 63 , 77 ], school performance [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 ], and brain structures [ 41 ] in particular, we used data from Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ] to compare the associations between parental educational attainment, the superior temporal cortical surface area, and readability across diverse racial/ethnic groups in a large, diverse national sample of American children. In line with a recent work by Merz [ 34 ], we hypothesized positive associations between parental educational attainment, the superior temporal cortical surface area, and children’s reading ability.…”

Section: Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of the sMRI and fMRI data from the same sample also indicates that SES effects on hippocampus and amygdala volume [ 61 ] and the cortical surface area [ 41 ] were weaker for black than white children. Similarly, some of the effects of age on brain function [ 62 , 63 ] were weaker in black than white children. These observations are consistent with weaker SES effects on behavioral (externalizing) and mental health (depression, suicide, and stress) outcomes for black than white children [ 50 , 51 , 64 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns

et al. 2021

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Background: Recent studies have shown that parental educational attainment is associated with a larger superior temporal cortical surface area associated with higher reading ability in children. Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterparts. Purpose: This study used a large national sample of 9–10-year-old American children to investigate associations between parental educational attainment, the right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability across diverse racial/ethnic groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 10,817 9–10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Parental educational attainment was treated as a five-level categorical variable. Children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability were continuous variables. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. To adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data, mixed-effects regression models were used to test the associations between parental education, superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability overall and by race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, high parental educational attainment was associated with greater superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability in children. In the pooled sample, we found statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and parental educational attainment on children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on children’s superior temporal cortical surface area for black than white children. We also found a significant interaction between race and the left superior temporal surface area on reading ability, indicating weaker associations for Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AIAN/NHPI) than white children. We also found interactions between race and parental educational attainment on reading ability, indicating more potent effects for black children than white children. Conclusion: While parental educational attainment may improve children’s superior temporal cortical surface area, promoting reading ability, this effect may be unequal across racial/ethnic groups. To minimize the racial/ethnic gap in children’s brain development and school achievement, we need to address societal barriers that diminish parental educational attainment’s marginal returns for middle-class minority families. Social and public policies need to go beyond equal access and address structural and societal barriers that hinder middle-class families of color and their children. Future research should test how racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, which shape the daily lives of non-white individuals, take a toll on children’s brains and academic development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns

et al. 2021

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“…Our past work on the MDRs phenomenon has provided strong evidence of MDRs for middle-class Black youth in the ABCD data. 56,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66] As a result of MDRs, changes in predictors result in smaller changes in developmental and health outcomes in Black than White communities. Racism, stratification, and segregation reduce how much SES can do to protect Black communities health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Income May Better Protect White Than Black American Youth Against Suicidality

Assari

Najand²,

Caldwell

et al. 2022

Hosp Pract Res

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Background: High income is a protective factor against suicidality for children, youth, and adults, however, recent research has documented weaker health effects of high income for Black than White individuals, a pattern also called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Objectives: In this study, we tested racial variation in the association between high income and suicidality in a national sample of 9-10-year-old Black and White American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which included 7298 White or Black children between the ages of 9 and 10. Of all the participants, 5652 were White and 1646 were Black. The predictor variable was family income, treated as a continuous measure. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was suicidality, treated as a dummy variable, reflecting any positive suicidal thoughts or behaviors endorsed over the lifecourse. Covariates included sex, age, family structure (parental marital status), parental education, trauma, history of depression, neighborhood poverty, and family conflict. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Overall, family income was inversely associated with children’s suicidality, net of all covariates. A statistically significant interaction was found between race and family income, suggesting that the inverse association between family income and suicidality is weaker in Black than White children. Conclusion: The observed weaker association between income and suicidality in Black than White children suggests that family income does not provide the same protection against suicidality for Black as White children. Due to racism, income and some other socioeconomic status indicators show weaker than expected health effects on Black families in the US.

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“…According to minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) [17], observed across study designs, cohorts, settings, age groups, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, and health outcomes [18,19], individual-level risk and protective factors show weaker associations with outcomes of racial and ethnic minority people compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. For example, SES shows weaker associations with brain structure and function of Non-Hispanic Blacks than Non-Hispanic Whites [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The same pattern is shown for SES effects on trauma [28], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [29], suicide [27], depression [30], aggression [31], tobacco use [31][32][33], impulsivity [34], school bonding [35], school performance [36], math performance [37], attention [38], and inhibitory control [39] in Non-Hispanic Black children compared with Non-Hispanic White children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index

Assari

Boyce

2021

Neurology International

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Introduction: Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that individual-level risk and protective factors have weaker effects for Non-Hispanic Black than Non-Hispanic White individuals. However, limited research is available on the relevance of MDRs in terms of the role of putamen functional connectivity on body mass index (BMI). Purpose: Building on the MDRs framework and conceptualizing race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators as social constructs, we explored racial and SES differences in the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 6473 9–10-year-old Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The primary independent variable was putamen functional connectivity to the salience network, measured by fMRI. The primary outcome was the children’s BMI. Age, sex, neighborhood income, and family structure were the covariates. Race, family structure, parental education, and household income were potential moderators. For data analysis, we used mixed-effect models in the overall sample and by race. Results: Higher right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network was associated with higher BMI in Non-Hispanic White children. The same association was missing for Non-Hispanic Black children. While there was no overall association in the pooled sample, a significant interaction was found, suggesting that the association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI was modified by race. Compared to Non-Hispanic White children, Non-Hispanic Black children showed a weaker association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and BMI. While parental education and household income did not moderate our association of interest, marital status altered the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI. These patterns were observed for right but not left putamen. Other/Mixed Race children also showed a pattern similar to Non-Hispanic Black children. Conclusions: The association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children’s BMI may depend on race and marital status but not parental education and household income. While right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network is associated with Non-Hispanic White children’s BMI, Non-Hispanic Black children’ BMI remains high regardless of their putamen functional connectivity to the salience network. This finding is in line with MDRs, which attributes diminished effects of individual-risk and protective factors for Non-Hispanic Black children to racism, stratification, and segregation.

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Not Race or Age but Their Interaction Predicts Pre-Adolescents’ Inhibitory Control

Cited by 8 publications

References 100 publications

Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns

Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns

Family Income May Better Protect White Than Black American Youth Against Suicidality

Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index

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