Nosocomial Transmission of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis?

Krause, Peter J.

doi:10.1001/jama.2008.665

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As the causative rickettsia was reclassified from the genus Ehrlichia to Anaplasma phagocytophilum , the disease name was changed from human granulocytic ehrlichiosis to HGA in 2001 [22,45]. The pathogen causes the disease by infecting human neutrophils [21,46]. The symptoms of HGA are similar to HME, and deaths from HGA are approximately 0.6% of those infected and typically involve those immunocompromised individuals, usually 10 or more days after disease onset [43,46].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China

et al. 2013

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As an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in China, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. The most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in China include Lyme borreliosis (known as Lyme disease in China), tick-borne encephalitis (known as Forest encephalitis in China), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (known as Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in China), Q-fever, tularemia and North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. In recent years, some emerging tick-borne diseases, such as human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and a novel bunyavirus infection, have been reported frequently in China. Other tick-borne diseases that are not as frequently reported in China include Colorado fever, oriental spotted fever and piroplasmosis. Detailed information regarding the history, characteristics, and current epidemic status of these human tick-borne diseases in China will be reviewed in this paper. It is clear that greater efforts in government management and research are required for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of tick-borne diseases, as well as for the control of ticks, in order to decrease the tick-borne disease burden in China.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pathogen causes the disease by infecting human neutrophils [21,46]. The symptoms of HGA are similar to HME, and deaths from HGA are approximately 0.6% of those infected and typically involve those immunocompromised individuals, usually 10 or more days after disease onset [43,46]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China

et al. 2013

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“…In a report from the upper Midwest, 3 adults who had each butchered over 250 deer and gave no report of tick bites developed granulocytic anaplasmosis, possibly after exposure to deer blood 52 . More recent studies, however, suggest that the A. phagocytophilum strain infecting deer in the United States is distinct from that infecting humans, 40,41 so it was suggested that the individuals may have been unwittingly bitten by ticks 53 . Rare case reports also describe possible transmission of A. phagocytophilum to humans transplacentally 54 and after blood transfusion 55 .…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Review

Carrade

Foley

Borjesson

et al. 2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

171

183

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, horses, and dogs worldwide that is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and maintained in a variety of small wild mammal species. Recent studies suggest that multiple strains of A. phagocytophilum may be circulating in wild and domestic animal populations, and these strains may have differential host tropisms and pathogenicity. The organism infects and survives within neutrophils by disabling key neutrophil functions, including neutrophil motility, phagocytosis, the oxidative burst mechanism, and neutrophil‐endothelial cell interactions, as well as interfering with neutrophil apoptosis. Coinfections with other tick‐borne pathogens may occur, especially Borrelia burgdorferi. A. phagocytophilum causes an acute febrile illness in dogs with lethargy and inappetence. Less frequent signs include lameness, coughing, polydipsia, intermittent vomiting, and hemorrhages. Diagnosis is based on finding morulae within granulocytes in the peripheral blood, the combination of acute and convalescent serology using immunofluorescent antibody techniques, and detection of the DNA of A. phagocytophilum using specific polymerase chain reaction assays. Whether persistent infection or reinfection with A. phagocytophilum occurs after natural infection requires additional study, with most reports suggesting that anaplasmosis is a self‐limiting disease in dogs that responds well to a 2‐week course of doxycycline therapy.

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“…ticks (3). However, it can also be transmitted perinatally (4,5) or by blood transfusion (6)(7)(8)(9), and it has been suggested to be transmitted nosocomially (10,11). HGA is an emerging infection in the United States, Europe, and Asia (3,12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Asp14 Is an Invasin That Interacts with Mammalian Host Cells via Its C Terminus To Facilitate Infection

et al. 2013

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e Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a member of the family Anaplasmataceae, is the tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterium that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. The life cycle of A. phagocytophilum is biphasic, transitioning between the noninfectious reticulate cell (RC) and infectious dense-cored (DC) forms. We analyzed the bacterium's DC surface proteome by selective biotinylation of surface proteins, NeutrAvidin affinity purification, and mass spectrometry. Transcriptional profiling of selected outer membrane protein candidates over the course of infection revealed that aph_0248 (designated asp14 [14-kDa A. phagocytophilum surface protein]) expression was upregulated the most during A. phagocytophilum cellular invasion. asp14 transcription was induced during transmission feeding of A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks on mice and was upregulated when the bacterium engaged its receptor, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. Asp14 localized to the A. phagocytophilum surface and was expressed during in vivo infection. Treating DC organisms with Asp14 antiserum or preincubating mammalian host cells with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Asp14 significantly inhibited infection of host cells. Moreover, preincubating host cells with GST-tagged forms of both Asp14 and outer membrane protein A, another A. phagocytophilum invasin, pronouncedly reduced infection relative to treatment with either protein alone. The Asp14 domain that is sufficient for cellular adherence and invasion lies within the C-terminal 12 to 24 amino acids and is conserved among other Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species. These results identify Asp14 as an A. phagocytophilum surface protein that is critical for infection, delineate its invasion domain, and demonstrate the potential of targeting Asp14 in concert with OmpA for protecting against infection by A. phagocytophilum and other Anaplasmataceae pathogens.

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Nosocomial Transmission of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis?

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China

Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China

Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Review

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Asp14 Is an Invasin That Interacts with Mammalian Host Cells via Its C Terminus To Facilitate Infection

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