Nosocomial Malaria and Saline Flush

Jain, Sanjay; Persaud, Deborah; Perl, Trish M.; Pass, Margaret; Murphy, Kathleen M.; Pisciotta, John M.; Scholl, Peter F.; Casella, James F.; Sullivan, David J.

doi:10.3201/eid1107.050092

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The dust and dirt's normally present in most public toilets provide sufficient nutrients to support extensive microbial growth [5]. Mould specifically grows on all materials, including the dirty toilet bins and under the toilet seats; following the damp nature of most toilets, leading to mould growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Droplets are generated mainly through coughing, sneezing, and other procedures. Dissemination can be either by airborne droplets containing the organisms that remain suspended in the air for a long period of time or dust particles containing the infectious agents [5]. Indirect transmission can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects or through insect vectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air in Public Toilets across Selected Motor Parks in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria

Ohagim¹,

Ikon²,

Matthew³

et al. 2017

JMEN

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air in Public Toilets across Selected Motor Parks in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria

Ohagim¹,

Ikon²,

Matthew³

et al. 2017

JMEN

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“…Nos. G3886, G37937 and G44421 respectively) and the primer sequences are published elsewhere (Jain et al, 2005). A heminested PCR approach was employed to amplify microsatellite markers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes

Mlambo

Sullivan

Mutambu³

et al. 2007

Acta Tropica

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Plasmodium falciparum parasites obtained from symptomatic patients attending clinics in Bindura (altitude 1,100 m), Chiredzi (600 m) and Kariba (< 600 m), previously reported to differ in malaria endemicity were genotyped on the msp-1, msp-2 and glurp loci to examine the extent of parasite genetic diversity. While the parasites were monomorphic for msp-1 allele RO33 from the three locations, the K1 allele was overrepresented in Kariba (p=0.02) and Mad20 alleles occurred at a higher frequency in Bindura. A similar PCR analysis for glurp and the two main allelic families of msp-2, i.e IC/3D7 and FC-27 revealed minimal differences in the parasite population. A total of 8 msp-1 Block 2 and 11 msp-2 genotypes were identified from the three locations combined. On the glurp locus, thirteen different genotypes ranging in size from 660 to 1160 bp were detected in parasites obtained from Bindura and Kariba. To gain further insight into P. falciparum genetic diversity in the three different geographical locations, parasites were examined for neutral microsatellite markers (C4M8, C13M30 and TA81). The number of microsatellite alleles ranged from 8 to 17 and the average expected heterozygosity (HE) for the three areas combined was 0.83 suggesting that the parasite population of Zimbabwe is genetically heterogeneous. These findings have implications in understanding the impact of genetic variation on immunity and possibly emergence of drug resistance.Plasmodium falciparum parasites are highly genetically diverse and studies indicate that at any given time, humans or mosquitoes can harbor a number of different parasite clones (Babiker et al., 1991;Branch et al., 2001). The unique genetic characteristics of each parasite may determine clinical or parasitological outcomes and properties such as cytoadherence, immune evasion, resistance or susceptibility to drugs as well as infectivity to mosquitoes (Snounou et al., 1999). Understanding the distribution of genetically diverse P. falciparum parasites is important in malaria epidemiology as well as in designing vaccines as antigenic diversity continues to pose a big challenge to vaccine development. Additionally, the performance of Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. vaccine candidates employed will need to be monitored by assessing switching of allelic types resulting from either natural or vaccine induced immune selection. NIH Public AccessMsp-1 and msp-2 are highly polymorphic single copy genes and have been employed to investigate parasite genetic diversity (Anders and Smythe, 1989;Smythe et al., 1990). The examinatio...

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“…3 Potential risks of reusing saline flush syringes and contaminated reusable fingerstick blood sampling devices have been reported. 4,5 Nosocomial outbreak of malaria associated with bloodcontaminated catheters and contrast medium during computed tomography examination was also reported. 6 Parenteral medications are commonly dispensed in multidose formulations, so they can be used for longer periods of time and in multiple patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of multidose vials and fingerstick blood sampling devices in Korean emergency departments and intensive care units

Kwak¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Int J of Nursing Practice

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This study was performed to compare compliance with standard precautions for the use of multidose vials (MDVs) and fingerstick devices in emergency departments (EDs) and intensive care units (ICUs). Between December 2007 and February 2008, 389 nurses from the EDs or ICUs of six university-affiliated hospitals in Korea were asked to complete the questionnaire. A total of 338 (86.9%) nurses completed the survey, corresponding to 159 of 184 ED and 179 of 205 ICU nurses. A comparison of MDV use in EDs and ICUs indicated a significant difference only in disinfection of the rubber septum of heparin vials; 88.1% of ED nurses and 96.6% of ICU nurses stated that they always disinfected the rubber septum of heparin vials whenever drawing medication (P = 0.003). The use of separate fingerstick devices for each patient (71.7% vs. 54.5%) and disinfection of these devices after each use (36.5% vs. 26.0%) were more common in ED nurses. The rate of good hand hygiene was lower in ED nurses, both before (43.7% vs. 74.3%) and after (64.6% vs. 91.6%) the use of fingerstick devices (P < 0.001 for both). There is a need to improve compliance with standard precautions, especially hand hygiene, in EDs.

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Nosocomial Malaria and Saline Flush

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air in Public Toilets across Selected Motor Parks in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria

Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air in Public Toilets across Selected Motor Parks in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria

Analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes

The use of multidose vials and fingerstick blood sampling devices in Korean emergency departments and intensive care units

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