Nosocomial Infections in Saudi Arabia Caused by Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing in Saudi Arabia. MRSA average rate in the country is considered as high as 38%. This review aims to elucidate the present status of MRSA in Saudi Arabia that may serve as a basis for policy development in controlling the pathogen from spreading among healthcare providers as well as the Saudi community. The literature was systematically reviewed in this study using the PRISMA methodology. Eighteen studies with direct relevance were identified and synthesized for the findings. The incidence of MRSA in Saudi Arabia was fond to be varying considerably from one region to another. The rate of MRSA prevalence of all S. aureus strains in the Western, Central, and Eastern regions was 42%, 32%, 27%, respectively. High incidence in the Western region may be attributed to the presence of the holy Islamic sites which are visited by millions of people annually from all over the world. The nasal carriage of MRSA in Saudi Arabia is projected to be around 25% among all isolated S. aureus strains. MRSA colonization ranged from 18%-76% among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. The clonal diversity of isolated MRSA strains was indeed varied. However, it seems that specific genotypes of MRSA are more frequently encountered. Type ST239-III is common with hospital-acquired MRSA whereas types CC80-IV (ST80) and to a lesser extent CC22-IV are prevalent among community-acquired MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia.

Section: Results and Discussion Prevalence Of Mrsa In Saudi Arabiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussion Prevalence Of Mrsa In Saudi Arabiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Aljeldah¹

2020

“…Only a few studies have investigated the HA-MRSA prevalence in the health care settings of Saudi Arabia. 16 Overall, they found the highest (40-60%) HA-MRSA prevalence in Assir and Riyadh provinces (southern and central Saudi Arabia) followed by Makkah province (western Saudi Arabia) (25-40%). Comparatively lower HA-MRSA infections were noted in the Eastern province (30%) and Al Jouf region (20%) (Northern Saudi Arabia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Multidrug-resistant Hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Medina, Saudi Arabia

Alahmadi¹,

Alahmadey²,

Elbanna³

et al. 2023

Hospital acquired-Staphylococcus aureus (HA-Staphylococcus aureus), particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are an important source of nosocomial infections with high morbidity and mortality rates. Few reports showed that infections due to HA-Staphylococcus aureus in Saudi Arabia is increasing, particularly infections attributed to HA-MRSA. The study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HA-Staphylococcus aureus for the first time in Medina, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1262 clinical samples of hospitalized patients were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus through selective culturing on mannitol salt agar. Vitek Compact System and conventional methods were followed to confirm the isolates. Vitek Compact System tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates whereas the standard PCR was employed to detect the genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (mecA and vanA) and virulence factors (tst, et, and LukS-PV). The overall HA-Staphylococcus aureus prevalence was low (6.58%, n = 1262) of which 84.34% (n = 83) were MRSA. Approximately, 57 samples of the 70 MRSA (81.5%) exhibited a multidrug-resistance (MDR) pattern. All the 83 HA-Staphylococcus aureus isolates were negative for the genes encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The study was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic under partial lockdown, restricted hospitalization, and increased disinfection and infection control measures. Therefore, the low prevalence of HA-Staphylococcus aureus should be carefully interpreted and further multicenter investigations could reveal its true incidence in the city. The high prevalence of MDR HA-MRSA is alarming as it highlights inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions to counter staphylococcal infections. HA-Staphylococcus aureus investigated in this study might lack certain virulence factors. However, their MDR traits and invasive nature could worsen the situation if not properly handled.

“…19 Although MRSA in Saudi Arabia was discovered in the 1990s, the number of studies on MRSA infection in Saudi Arabia is limited compared to that in other countries around the world. 20 According to PubMed, there were only 141 studies conducted on MRSA in Saudi Arabia over past 5 years (2015-2019), of which majority have been conducted on HA-MRSA. Nevertheless, until May 2014, there were only 12 articles on MRSA infections, of which ten were published in Riyadh and Dammam.…”

Section: Statement Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus as Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Threat in Public Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Alghizzi¹,

Shami²

2023

Majority of the global population have been affected by food-borne diseases, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the causes of this disease. S. aureus can be transmitted through contaminated food and is a risk to universal human health because of its ability to produce toxins-staphylococcal enterotoxins. Additionally, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) furthered public health concerns. Although MRSA has been identified in food worldwide, little information is available on this topic locally and internationally. This review presents information on MRSA that was collected as evidence of such infections globally and in Saudi Arabia.