Nosocomial Infections Caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Clinical Features and Microbiological Characteristics

Hsueh, Po-Ren; Teng, Lee‐Jene; Yang, Pan‐Chyr; Chen, Yu‐Chi; Pan, Hui-Ju; Ho, Shen‐Wu; Luh, Kwen‐Tay

doi:10.1086/514595

Cited by 122 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…14,101,116 Our personal experiences reflect this, and in addition we have noted increases in isolation of Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterococcus spp, and opportunistic agents such as S. paucimobilis (usually found in soils and water 51 ) with the explosive use of novel and usually immunodeficient (or immunovague) GEM at our collective institutions.…”

Section: Bacterial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Of Mice and Microflora

et al. 2011

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The phenotype of genetically engineered mice is a combination of both genetic and environmental factors that include the microflora of the mouse. The impact a particular microbe has on a mouse reflects the host-microbe interaction within the context of the mouse genotype and environment. Although often considered a confounding variable, many host-microbe interactions have resulted in the generation of novel model systems and characterization of new microbial agents. Microbes associated with overt disease in mice have been the historical focus of the laboratory animal medical and pathology community and literature. The advent of genetic engineering and the complex of mouse models have revealed previously unknown or disregarded agents that now oblige the attention of the biomedical research community. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate how phenotypes can be affected by microflora by focusing on the infectious diseases present in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) colonies of our collective institutions and by reviewing important agents that are rarely seen in most research facilities today. The goal is to introduce the concept of the role of microflora on phenotypes and in translational research using GEM models.

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Section: Bacterial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Of Mice and Microflora

et al. 2011

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“…Although not widely studied as a pathogenic bacterium, S. paucimobilis has been associated with several water-borne hospital infections that can cause severe and recurrent bacteremia in patients with debilitating conditions such as hematological malignancies [40,41]. In light of our studies, the role of NKT cells in septicemia caused by bacterial infections and the causative or protective role of bacterial cell wall glycolipids needs to be evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cell wall glycosphingolipids ofSphingomonas paucimobilisare CD1d-specific ligands for NKT cells

et al. 2005

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The current consensus on characterization of NKT cells is based on their reactivity to the synthetic glycolipid, a-galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) in a CD1d-dependent manner. Because of the limited availability of a-GalCer, there is a constant search for CD1d-presented ligands that activate NKT cells. The a-anomericity of the carbohydrate is considered to be an important requisite for the CD1d-specific activation of NKT cells. The gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide-free bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis is known to contain glycosphingolipids (GSL) with a-anomeric sugars attached to the lipid chain. Here, we report that GSL extracted from this bacterium are able to stimulate NKT cells in a CD1d-specific manner. In addition, soluble CD1d-Ig dimers loaded with this lipid extract specifically bind to NKT cells (but not conventional T cells). Further studies on the S. paucimobilis GSL could potentially lead to other natural sources of CD1d-specific ligands useful for NKT cell analyses and aimed at identifying novel therapies for a variety of disease states. IntroductionLipid antigens, including phospholipids and glycosphingolipids (GSL), are presented by CD1d -a subset of the CD1 family of MHC class I-like molecules -to specialized immune effector cells called NKT cells [1]. Located on a different chromosome than the MHC, five different CD1 genes encode CD1 molecules -CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and CD1e -in humans, whereas only two homologues of CD1d (CD1d1 and CD1d2) are present in mice [2]. On the basis of the crystal structure of mouse CD1d1 [3], it is predicted that the fatty-acyl chains are buried in the hydrophobic pocket of the molecule with the hydrophilic head-group of the lipid antigen available outside the molecule for its interaction with the NKT cell receptor. Even though the lipidbinding groove of CD1d is widely accommodative of many lipid groups, it is believed that only the sugar structures in a-anomeric orientation are able to stimulate NKT cells [4]. Because of the lack of physiological glycolipids with terminal a-anomeric sugars, it is hypothesized that both altered selfglycolipids during a pathological process and exogenous antigenic glycolipids could be potential ligands presented by CD1d [4]. The presence of GSL in the cell wall of some bacterial strains indicates the possibility of these bacterial GSL being presented by CD1d. Although human CD1a, b and c molecules are known to present mycobacterial antigens to human NKT cells, there is a lack of substantial evidence to show that CD1d has the ability to present these microbial lipids [5]. In a recent study, Fischer et al. [6] were able to show that mycobacterial phosphoinositolmannosides (PIM) could bind to soluble CD1d and activate human and mouse NKT cells. However, only a fraction of NKT cells detected by agalactosylceramide (a-GalCer) could be stained by a CD1d tetramer loaded with mycobacterial PIM [6]. A recent study [7] was able to show the binding of synthetic a-GalNAc containing GSL to cell surface CD1d, but no functional studies were done t...

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“…S. paucimobilis bacteremia had been reported mainly in patients with indwelling devices or in immunocompromised host, especially those with neutropenia, but our two cases haven't neutropenia [6,13]. Infection from S. paucimobilis can presented as primary bacteremia, intravascular catheter infections, peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, biliary tract infection, urinary tract infection, cutaneous infection, meningitis, myositis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, cervical adenitis, bromohidrosis, diarrheal disease and septic shock [6,7,13,16]. Primary bacteremia, like in our case 1, was defined as S. paucimobilis bacteremia with signs of sepsis but without an identifiable focus of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Sphingomonas paucimobilis from Blood Stream Infection to Spondylodiscitis

Puca¹,

Harxhi²,

Mehmeti³

et al. 2015

Clin Microbiol

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Sphingomonas paucimobilis, is a yellow-pigmented, aerobic, non-fermentative, gram negative motile bacillus. S. paucimobilis which is widely found in nature and hospital environments rarely cause serious or life threatening infections. It's rarely isolated from clinical specimens but it is associated with a great variety of infections in both healthy and immunocompromised people. In this report we present two cases with infection due to S. paucimobilis. One of them was systemic blood stream infection and one focal infection. One was immunocompetent and the other with diabetes mellitus for more than ten years. Both of them were community acquired infection due S. Paucimibilis. These cases are reported to emphasize that S. paucimobilis should be kept in mind as a community acquired infection. We present the first cases of Sphingomonas paucimobilis in Albania one of which is a spondylodiscitis in immunocompetent patient and include updated literature concerning infections by this microorganism.

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Nosocomial Infections Caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Clinical Features and Microbiological Characteristics

Cited by 122 publications

References 28 publications

Of Mice and Microflora

Of Mice and Microflora

Cell wall glycosphingolipids ofSphingomonas paucimobilisare CD1d-specific ligands for NKT cells

Sphingomonas paucimobilis from Blood Stream Infection to Spondylodiscitis

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