Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Fries, Ingemar

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.017

Cited by 420 publications

(431 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) that migrate from Europe to Africa and particularly South Africa ) might function as a vector for the spread of N. ceranae spores via regurgitated food pellets (Higes et al, 2008;Valera et al, 2011). In addition, N. ceranae appears to be more prevalent in areas with higher temperatures compared to N. apis (Fries, 2010) and could therefore establish itself in African honeybee populations occurring under warm climates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Strauss

Human

Gauthier

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Strauss

Human

Gauthier

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…N. apis spores also loose infectivity after freezing, but in a matter of years (Bailey, 1972) rather than a week as shown for N. ceranae (Fries, 2010).…”

Section: Viability Control Of Nosema Sporesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…As a result, a combination of heating and freezing pollen may be possible to develop as an alternative to radiation for sterilising bee-collected pollen of Nosema spores. Specific protocols need to be developed for this purpose because to date we only know that one week of freezing kills approximately 80% of N. ceranae spores (Fries, 2010), and we…”

Section: Type Of Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, this is true for N. ceranae isolates, which rapidly lose viability in the refrigerator and almost completely lose infection capacity after freezing of spores (Fenoy et al, 2009;Fries, 2010 …”

Section: Spore Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For N. apis, storage of spores for later preparations of new suspensions can be made by freezing adult infected bees or already prepared spore suspensions. For N. ceranae the situation is drastically different since the spores rapidly loose viability if frozen (Fenoy et al, 2009;Fries, 2010). A protocol needs to be developed whereby infective spores of N. ceranae can be reliably stored over longer periods without serious loss of viability.…”

Section: Storage Of Stock Suspensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Fries

Chauzat²,

Chen³

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Research

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324

302

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SummaryMethods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine colony level infections at a given point in time, but also for following the temporal infection dynamics.Suggestions are made for how to standardise field trials for evaluating treatments and disease impact. The laboratory methods described include different means for determining colony level and individual bee infection levels and methods for species determination, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular methods (PCR). Suggestions are made for how to standardise cage trials, and different inoculation methods for infecting bees are described, including control methods for spore viability. A cell culture system for in vitro rearing of Nosema spp. is described. Finally, how to conduct different types of experiments are described, including infectious dose, dose effects, course of infection and longevity tests. Métodos estándar para la investigación sobre Nosema ResumenSe describen procedimientos para trabajar con Nosema apis y Nosema ceranae en el campo y en el laboratorio. Para el trabajo de campo, se describen diferentes métodos de muestreo para determinar infecciones al nivel de colonia en un momento determinado, y también para el seguimiento de la dinámica temporal de infección. Se hacen sugerencias para la forma de estandarizar los ensayos de campo para evaluar los tratamientos y el impacto de la enfermedad. Los métodos de laboratorio descritos incluyen diferentes formas de determinar los niveles de infección al nivel de colonia y de abeja individual, y los métodos para la determinación de las especies, incluyendo microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica y métodos moleculares (PCR). Se hacen sugerencias para estandarizar los ensayos con cajas, y se describen diferentes métodos de inoculación para infectar abejas, incluyendo métodos de control para la viabilidad de las esporas. Se describe un sistema de cultivo celular para la cría in vitro de Nosema spp. Finalmente, se describe cómo llevar a cabo diferentes tipos de experimentos, incluyendo la dosis infecciosa, efectos de la dosis, curso de la infección y las pruebas de longevidad.

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Honeybees

Vidal-Naquet¹

2011

Invertebrate Medicine

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Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Cited by 420 publications

References 48 publications

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Honeybees

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