Norway Spruce: A Novel Method using Surface Characteristics and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Needles for a Large-Scale Monitoring Survey in Austria

Trimbacher, C.; Weiß, Peter

doi:10.1023/b:wate.0000015368.95867.02

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…High concentrations of trace metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) in needles of Masson Pine growing near industrial sources are reported, which indicate that industrial activities heavily influence the contents of trace metals in needles (Sun et al, 2010). Moreover, needles could be used as a bio-monitor of airborne trace element pollution (Aboal et al, 2004;Al-Alawi and Mandiwana, 2007;Čeburnis and Steinnes, 2000;Holoubek et al, 2000;Trimbacher and Weiss, 2004). Although a few studies focus on the trace metal in the soil under natural plants (Sheng et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2011), little attention has been paid to trace metals of fragile ecology timberline areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trace metals of needles and litter in timberline forests in the Eastern of Tibetan Plateau, China

Tang

Luo

Yang

et al. 2014

Ecological Indicators

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trace metals of needles and litter in timberline forests in the Eastern of Tibetan Plateau, China

Tang

Luo

Yang

et al. 2014

Ecological Indicators

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“…Degraded waxes have been closely linked with needle loss and other macroscopic signs of forest decline in Europe, the eastern United States, and Japan (Sauter and Voss 1986, Bruck et al 1989, Mengel et al 1990, Turunen and Huttunen 1990, Takamatsu et al 2001). However, it has not been possible to link wax degradation to specific air pollutants (Crossley and Fowler 1986, Turunen and Huttunen 1990, Percy et al 1994, Grodzinska-Jurczak 1998, Sase et al 1998, Trimbacher and Weiss 2004. Degraded waxes have been produced under a wide variety of experimental conditions including treatment with simulated acid rain (Rinallo et al 1986, Schmitt et al 1987, Percy et al 1994, acid fog (Mengel et al 1989, Percy and Baker 1990, Esch and Mengel 1998, Jagels et al 2002, alkaline dust (Bermadinger et al 1987, Bacic et al 1999, and in some cases as a consequence of gaseous pollutants (Percy and Riding 1978, Riding and Percy 1985, Barnes et al 1988, Dueck et al 1990).…”

Section: Desiccation By Air Pollutants?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alkaline dust (Bacic et al 1999, Trimbacher andWeiss 2004) as well as NaCl (Krause 1982) may cause the coalescence or erosion of waxes and the formation of crusts by deliquescence and subsequent efflorescence of the salts. The formation of crusts and the increasing thickness of the wax tubes with time (Crossley and Fowler 1986) suggest an increase rather than a decrease in material.…”

Section: Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Burkhardt

2010

Ecological Monographs

208

165

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Aerosols have always been part of the atmosphere, and plant surfaces are a major aerosol sink. Given the nutrient content of aerosols and the natural stability of aerosol concentrations over evolutionary time, plants may have developed adaptations to aerosol input. Although little is known about such adaptations, leaf surface micro‐roughness appears to play a key role. This review focuses on the deposition and fate of fine aerosols that are less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Most of these aerosols are hygroscopic, and they are often deliquescent (liquid) on transpiring leaves. Such concentrated solutions may be taken up by both the cuticle and stomata, contradicting previous concepts. The establishment of a continuous liquid water connection along stomatal walls affects individual stomata and is a new concept called “hydraulic activation of stomata” (HAS). HAS enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water and solutes between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. The response of plants to changes in humidity can be explained by the split transpiration in an HAS pore and its interaction with neighboring stomata, i.e., as an emergent property of a stomatal patch. Normally, HAS affects only a few stomata, but if too many are activated by excessive particle accumulation or additional surfactants, hygroscopic particles may work as “desiccants,” reducing the drought tolerance of plants. This is made use of when hygroscopic salts and acids are sprayed to kill potato vine, but may cause problems in foliar fertilization. Excessive particle accumulation may also be caused by air pollution. It is hypothesized that deliquescent hygroscopic particles, due to their amorphous appearance, may have been misinterpreted as “degraded waxes.” Degraded waxes have been highly correlated to leaf loss, decreased drought tolerance, and decreased frost tolerance of trees. No sound explanation for degraded waxes has been found, and they have been interpreted as symptoms of forest decline. Because hygroscopic particles may affect the drought tolerance of trees, they could be drivers of regional tree die‐off and especially affect those trees that have adapted to capture aerosols. Several research questions are identified.

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“…Higher plants have emerged in recent years as a valuable tool enabling identification of environmental pollution (Markert et al 1996, Carreras and Pignata 2002, Klumpp et al 2002, Outola et al 2003, Schröder et al 2003, Adamoa et al 2004, Jackson et al 2004, Trimbacher and Weiss 2004. Increased metal concentrations and decreased pH values have been reported in the tree barks from the high industrial activity, increased urbanization, increased acidic precipitation and high traffic loads (Kuik and Wolterbeek 1994, Tüerkan et al 1995, Santamaría and Martía 1997, Böhm et al 1998, Pacheco et al 2001, El-Hasan et al 2002, Pacheco et al 2002, Pacheco et al 2003, Bellis et al 2001, Harju et al 2002.…”

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confidence: 99%

Heavy metals in bark of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) as an indicator of atmospheric deposition near a smeltery at Qujiang, China

et al. 2006

Env Sci Poll Res Int

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Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb at Qujiang, both in the inner and the outer bark, were statistically higher than those at Dinghushan. Higher concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu may come from the stem-flow of elements leached from the canopy, soil splash on the 1.5 m height and sorption of metals in the mosses and lichens growing on the bark, which were direct or indirect results from the atmospheric deposition. Levels of heavy metals in the outer barks were associated well with the metal concentrations in the soil, reflecting the close relationships between the metal atmospheric deposition and their accumulation in the outer bark of Masson pine. The significant (p<0.01) correlations of FeCu, Fe-Cr, Fe-Pb, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ni, and Pb-Zn in the outer barks at Qujiang again suggested a common source for the metals. The correlation only occurred between Pb and Ni, Cd and Co in the outer barks at Dinghushan, which suggested that those metals must possibly have other uncommon sources. Conclusions. Atmospheric deposition of the selected metals was great at Qujiang, based on the levels in the bark of Pinus massoniana and on the concentrations in the soils beneath the trees compared with that at Dinghushan. Bark of Pinus massoniana, especially the outer bark, was an indicator of metal loading at least at the time of sampling. Recommendations and Perspectives. The results from this study and the techniques employed constituted a new contribution to the development of biogeochemical methods for environmental monitoring particularly in areas with high frequency of pollution in China. The method would be of value for follow up studies aimed at the assessment of industrial pollution in other areas similar with the Pearl River Delta. AbstractGoal, Scope and Background. Rapid urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities in the past several decades have led to large increases in emissions of pollutants in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Recent reports have suggested that industrial emission is a major factor contributing to the damages in current natural ecosystem in the Delta area. Tree barks have been used successfully to monitor the levels of atmospheric metal deposition in many areas, but rarely in China. This study aimed at determining whether atmospheric heavy metal deposition from a PbZn smeltery at Qujiang, Guangdong province, could be accurately reflected both in the inner bark and the outer bark of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). The impact of the emission from smeltery on the soils beneath the trees and the relationships of the concentrations between the soils and the barks were also analyzed. Methods.Barks around the bole of Pinus massoniana from a pine forest near a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang and a reference forest at Dinghushan natural reserve were sampled with a stainless knife at an average height of 1.5 m above the ground. Mosses and lichens on the surface barks were cleaned prior to sampling. The samples were carefully divided into the inner bark (living part) and the outer bark (dead part) in ...

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Norway Spruce: A Novel Method using Surface Characteristics and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Needles for a Large-Scale Monitoring Survey in Austria

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Trace metals of needles and litter in timberline forests in the Eastern of Tibetan Plateau, China

Trace metals of needles and litter in timberline forests in the Eastern of Tibetan Plateau, China

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Heavy metals in bark of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) as an indicator of atmospheric deposition near a smeltery at Qujiang, China

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