Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea

Decoding triancestral origins, archaic introgression, and natural selection in the Japanese population by whole-genome sequencing

“…In contrast, individuals of Northeast showed significantly higher genetic affinities with Jomon and ancient Japanese genome from Miyako Island in Okinawa (which had a high Jomon proportion) and ancient Koreans from the Three Kingdoms (TK) period (Korea-TK_2) (fourth to fifth century CE) (table S7). These results align with reports indicating that ancient Japanese in the Yayoi period and certain ancient Korean groups had a high proportion of Jomon ancestry (42,47).…”

“…Next, on the basis of outgroup f 3 statistic, we observed that individuals from West had the highest shared genetic drift with Han Chinese (table S6). We then used f 4 statistic in the form of f 4 (Mbuti, ancient genome; Northeast, West) to evaluate differential genetic affinities between Northeast and West, in relation to ancient genomes reported from China, Korea, and Japan (41,(44)(45)(46)(47). Our results indicated a significantly closer relationship between West and ancient Chinese groups around the Yellow River (YR) or upper YR region, specifically in the Middle Neolithic (MN) and Late Neolithic periods (table S7).…”

“…In addition, following the previous report, we defined Korea-TK_2 group as AKG_10203 and AKG_10207. This group has been shown to be more closely related to present-day Japanese and other ancient Japanese groups with high Jomon ancestry (47). We conducted a qpAdm analysis (qpAdm version 1520) to model the three-way or two-way admixture following the configuration outlined in a previous study (41).…”

Genomic detection of a secondary family burial in a single jar coffin in early Medieval Korea

“…For example, the target populations are adequately positioned along the genetic north-south cline in East Asia, within the range defined by the following two populations: (i) Bronze Age individuals from the Longtoushan archeological site of the West Liao River region in the Upper Xiajiadian culture context ("WLR_BA") as a genetic northern proxy, and (ii) Late Neolithic individuals from the Xitoucun site in southern China ("Xitoucun") as a genetic southern proxy (Figure 5; Table S7A). In both ancient and present-day Koreans, we do not detect a statistically significant contribution from the Jomon hunter-gatherer gene pool of the Japanese archipelago (Table S7A), although previous studies report occasional presence of the Jomon ancestry contribution from Neolithic to the early Medieval period (Gelabert et al, 2022;Robbeets et al, 2021).…”

“…However, this does not imply a complete genetic isolation of the Korean population from their neighbors over the last two millennia. On the contrary, there are a growing body of genetic evidence supporting high connectivity between proto‐historic Korea and its neighboring regions: a recent study reported a few early Medieval individuals with a substantial level of the Jomon ancestry from the Japanese archipelago (Gelabert et al, 2022 ), suggesting a vibrant international network supporting movements of people and goods. Furthermore, Kofun‐period individuals from Japan suggests a continued gene flow from the continental East Asia with the Korean peninsula as a highly likely source region (Cooke et al, 2021 ).…”