North American snow extent: 1900–1994

Frei, Allan; Robinson, David A.; Hughes, Marilyn G.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19991130)19:14<1517::aid-joc437>3.3.co;2-9

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These periods will be used in the following discussion to better emphasize the effect of snow cover and soil moisture trends on SAT and GST temperatures in the last part of the simulation. Values are realistic in comparison to observations (Brown and Goodison, 1996;Frei et al, 1999;Brown, 2000;Brown et al, 2003) and interestingly they show increases (decreases) in snow depth over the northern (middle) latitudes since the simulated LIA to the end of the 20th century. 3 allows the discussion to be extended to the possible influence of soil moisture on air-ground temperature differences.…”

Section: Boreholes In the Gcm Surrogate Realitymentioning

confidence: 57%

Borehole climatology: a discussion based on contributions from climate modeling

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Progress in understanding climate variability through the last millennium leans on simulation and reconstruction efforts. Exercises blending both approaches present a great potential for answering questions relevant both for the simulation and reconstruction of past climate, and depend on the specific peculiarities of proxies and methods involved in climate reconstructions, as well as on the realism and limitations of model simulations. This paper explores research specifically related to paleoclimate modeling and borehole climatology as a branch of climate reconstruction that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of the low frequency climate evolution during the last five centuries.The text flows around three main issues that group most of the interaction between model and geothermal efforts: the use of models as a validation tool for borehole climate reconstructions; comparison of geothermal information and model simulations as a means of either model validation or inference about past climate; and implications of the degree of realism on simulating subsurface climate on estimations of future climate change.The use of multi-centennial simulations as a surrogate reality for past climate suggests that within the simplified reality of climate models, methods and assumptions in borehole reconstructions deliver a consistent picture of past climate evolution at long time scales. Comparison of model simulations and borehole profiles indicate that borehole temperatures are responding to past external forcing and that more realism in the development of the soil model components in climate models is desirable. Such an improved degree of Correspondence to: J. F. González-Rouco (fidelgr@fis.ucm.es) realism is important for the simulation of subsurface climate and air-ground interaction; results indicate it could also be crucial for simulating the adequate energy balance within climate change scenario experiments.

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Section: Boreholes In the Gcm Surrogate Realitymentioning

confidence: 57%

Borehole climatology: a discussion based on contributions from climate modeling

et al. 2009

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“…The NAO, the Eurasian Type 1 (EU1), and the Siberian pattern (SIB) were three different telelconnections which emerged as significant in snow cover variability across the entire Eurasian continent (Clark et al, 1999). In a similar study over North America, Frei et al (1999) found that a 20-30°longitudinal shift to the west, of the mean North American ridge, led to substantial positive snow cover anomalies over western regions of the continent. Over eastern North America, snow cover variability was associated with a bipolar oscillation in 500 hPa heights between southern Greenland and the mid-latitude North Atlantic.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Numerous subcontinental scale studies of European snow cover have been carried out with relationships between snow cover variability and phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (hereafter called the NAO) pattern being a persistent theme. This study considers the area of Europe west of the Ural Mountains and is unique as areas of 'active' snow cover (Clark et al, 1999;Frei et al, 1999) are present throughout 65% of the region. Analysis of snow cover using the satellite dataset has been conducted on both hemispheric and continental scales previously; however, the area of Europe west of the Ural Mountains has never been isolated for intense investigation.…”

Section: The Significance Of Snow Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

European snow cover extent variability and associations with atmospheric forcings

Henderson

Leathers

2010

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Snow cover in Europe represents an important component of the region's climatic system. Variability in snow cover extent can have major implications on factors such as low-level atmospheric temperatures, soil temperatures, soil moisture, stream discharge, and energy allocation involved in the warming and melting of the snowpack. The majority of studies investigating Northern Hemisphere snow cover identify European snow cover extent as a portion of the Eurasian record, possibly masking complexities of this subset. This study explores the variability of European snow cover extent from 1967-2007, with the region in question including the area of Europe extending eastward to the Ural Mountains (60°E). Using the 89 × 89 gridded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northern Hemisphere weekly satellite snow cover product, area estimates of seasonal snow cover were calculated, and their relationship to gridded temperature, precipitation, and sea-level pressure data analysed. The spatial variability of snow cover extent was also explored using geographical information systems (GIS). The combined results from both surface temperature and precipitation analyses point towards snow cover extent in Europe being primarily temperature dependent. Atmospheric variables associated with extremes in snow cover extent were investigated. Large (small) European snow extent is associated with negative (positive) 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies, negative (positive) European 1000-500 hPa thickness anomalies, and generally positive (negative) Northern European precipitation anomalies. Sea-level pressure and 500 hPa results indicate strong associations between large (small) snow cover seasons and the negative (positive) phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation.

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“…In the Southern Hemisphere, outside of Antarctica and its surrounding ice shelves and sea ice, snow is generally limited to smaller regions such as the Andes, Patagonia and the southern Alps of New Zealand (Foster et al, 2008). On decadal time scales, snow variations over Northern Hemisphere lands have also been considerable (Barry et al, 1995;Brown, 2000;Brown and Braaten, 1998;Derksen et al, 2004;Frei et al, 1999;Mote, 2006;Mote et al, 2005;Ye et al, 1998), with declines in spring associated with warmer conditions (Brown et al, 2010;Groisman et al, 1994;IPCC, 2007;Leathers and Robinson, 1993). Recent reports on changes in the Arctic environment cite snow as one of the critical variables (ACIA, 2004;AMAP, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of global satellite-derived snow products

Frei

Tedesco

Lee

et al. 2012

Advances in Space Research

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184

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Snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere plays a crucial role in the Earth's hydrology and surface energy balance, and modulates feedbacks that control variations of global climate. While many of these variations are associated with exchanges of energy and mass between the land surface and the atmosphere, other expected changes are likely to propagate downstream and affect oceanic processes in coastal zones. For example, a large component of the freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean comes from snow melt. The timing and magnitude of this flux affects biological and thermodynamic processes in the Arctic Ocean, and potentially across the globe through their impact on North Atlantic Deep Water formation.Several recent global remotely sensed products provide information at unprecedented temporal, spatial, and spectral resolutions. In this article we review the theoretical underpinnings and characteristics of three key products. We also demonstrate the seasonal and spatial patterns of agreement and disagreement amongst them, and discuss current and future directions in their application and development. Though there is general agreement amongst these products, there can be disagreement over certain geographic regions and under conditions of ephemeral, patchy and melting snow.

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North American snow extent: 1900–1994

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Borehole climatology: a discussion based on contributions from climate modeling

Borehole climatology: a discussion based on contributions from climate modeling

European snow cover extent variability and associations with atmospheric forcings

A review of global satellite-derived snow products

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