North American Birds as Potential Amplifying Hosts of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Nemeth, Nicole M.; Bosco‐Lauth, Angela M.; Oesterle, Paul T.; Köhler, D; Bowen, Richard A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0141

Cited by 63 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…This difference may translate a different combination of hosts, vectors and agricultural practices in the two areas, pointing out the importance of taking into account these parameters when planning control programs [17]. In the absence of wild waterbirds in periurban and urban areas, domestic and peridomestic species such as passerine birds may play a role in the transmission and the maintenance of the virus as suggested by the JEV viremia experimentally observed in poultry [15] and in several native North American passerine species [16]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

et al. 2016

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Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifying hosts, JE may nevertheless circulate in a wider range of environment given the diversity of its potential hosts and vectors. The main objective of this study was to assess the intensity of JE transmission to pigs in a peri-urban environment in the outskirt of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We estimated the force of JE infection in two cohorts of 15 sentinel pigs by fitting a generalised linear model on seroprevalence monitoring data observed during two four-month periods in 2014. Our results provide evidence for intensive circulation of JE virus in a periurban area near Phnom Penh, the capital and most populated city of Cambodia. Understanding JE virus transmission in different environments is important for planning JE virus control in the long term and is also an interesting model to study the complexity of vector-borne diseases. Collecting quantitative data such as the force of infection will help calibrate epidemiological model that can be used to better understand complex vector-borne disease epidemiological cycles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

et al. 2016

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“…When Japanese tree sparrows were experimentally infected with a high dose of JEV, viraemia was brief, with no birds producing detectable virus after day 3 postinfection [58]. By contrast, when Nemeth et al [25] infected a variety of North American bird species with JEV, these novel vertebrate hosts produced a wide range in magnitude and duration of viraemia (figure 2), with some species sustaining high virus titres beyond 7 days post-infection. In another example, [60].…”

Section: The Double Life Of Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 2 shows the replication profile of three different strains each from dengue virus serotypes 1 through 3 in rhesus macaques (data from [42]), and the replication profile of two strains of JEV in three species of bird (data provided by Dr Nicole Nemeth; originally presented in a different form in [25]). Clear differences in lag to onset of viraemia, peak virus titre and duration of viraemia are evident.…”

Section: (B) Vector To Vertebrate Host Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Althouse

Hanley

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 17 to a theme issue 'Within-host dynamics of infection: from ecological insights to evolutionary predictions'. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of 'tortoise' (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and 'hare' (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.

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“…Examples of these phenomena were the introduction of the WNV, the Zika virus, and the Chikungunya virus into the Western hemisphere, which led to an increase in concern and awareness towards other emerging vector‐borne diseases (Golnar, Kading, & Hamer, ). As far as JE and JEV are concerned, the US has been pointed as a potentially at‐risk region, harboring both competent vectors and hosts (Huang et al., ; Nemeth, Bosco‐Lauth, Oesterle, Kohler, & Bowen, ; Nett, Campbell, & Reisen, ; Oliveira et al., ). Also, there are no JEV surveillance programs established in the US and cross‐reaction in diagnostic testing among different Flaviviruses has long been recognized as a limiting factor for its detection, which could hinder the detection of JEV in the US, once introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

Oliveira

Piaggio

Cohnstaedt

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary The purpose of this risk assessment (RA) was to qualitatively estimate the risk of emergence of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the United States (US). We followed the framework for RA of emerging vector‐borne livestock diseases (de Vos et al. 2011), which consists of a structured questionnaire, whose answers to questions can be delivered in risk categories, descriptive statements, or yes or no type of answers, being supported by the literature. The most likely pathways of introduction of JEV identified were: (a) entry through infected vectors (by aircraft, cargo ships, tires, or wind); (b) import of infected viremic animals; (c) entry of viremic migratory birds; (d) import of infected biological materials; (e) import of infected animal products; (f) entry of infected humans; and (g) import/production of contaminated biological material (e.g., vaccines). From these pathways, the probability of introduction of JEV through infected adult mosquitoes via aircraft was considered very high and via ships/containers was deemed low to moderate. The probability of introduction via other pathways or modes of entry (vector eggs or larvae, hosts, and vaccines) was considered negligible. The probability of transmission of JEV was variable, ranging from low to high (in the presence of both competent vectors and hosts), depending on the area of introduction within the US. Lastly, the probability of establishment of JEV in the continental US was considered negligible. For that reason, we stopped the risk assessment at this point of the framework. This RA provides important information regarding the elements that contribute to the risk associated with the introduction of JEV in the US. This RA also indicates that infected mosquitoes transported in aircraft (and cargo ships) are the most likely pathway of JEV entry and therefore, mitigation strategies should be directed towards this pathway.

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North American Birds as Potential Amplifying Hosts of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Cited by 63 publications

References 39 publications

Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

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