Norovirus prevalence and estimated viral load in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa

Kabue, Jean Pierre; Meader, Emma; Hunter, Paul R.; Potgieter, Natasha

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2016.09.005

Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Norovirus prevalence between these two close States with similar climatic, environmental and geographical conditions is unclear. Norovirus infection is higher in early childhood with children < 2 years old more likely to be infected; this finding has also been confirmed in studies done in North-eastern, Nigeria [13], and in Vhembe district, South Africa [19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Norovirus Infection among Children Under 5 Years of Age In Niger-Delta Zone, Nigeria

Osazuwa

Okojie

Akinbo

2019

PAJOLS

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Background: Norovirus is now recognized as a major cause of gastroenteritis among children worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Norovirus infection among children that are less than five years of age in Niger-Delta zone, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 263 subjects consisted of 163 children with diarrhea attending Paediat-ric clinics at the Central Hospital, Warri and Federal Medical Center, Yenagoa as well as 100 aged- and sex-matched healthy individuals that served as controls were recruited for this study. Demographic information was obtained through the aid of a well-structured questionnaires. Norovirus was detected by using a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay kit (Biopanda reagents, Belfast, United Kingdom). Results: The overall prevalence of Norovirus infection was 15.3%. The prevalence of Norovirus infection was significantly higher in Delta State than in Bayelsa State (22.9 % vs. 6.7%; OR= 3.6615; 95% CI = 1.378, 9.725; P=0.0092). Children that are less than 5 years of age attending day care centers are greatly affected by Norovirus infection (P=0.0044). Also, poor hand hygiene practice was also a significant risk factor for Norovirus infection among study subjects (P=0.0036). Furthermore, secretors were found to have a 1 to 334 fold increased risk of acquiring Norovirus infection in Delta State than in Bayelsa State (OR=19.28, 95% C.I, 1.1102, 334.68, P=0.0422). Conclusion: The need for routine screening for Norovirus infection among children with diarrhea is advocated. Data from this study as well suggests that genetic and environmental factors play a role in Norovirus infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Norovirus Infection among Children Under 5 Years of Age In Niger-Delta Zone, Nigeria

Osazuwa

Okojie

Akinbo

2019

PAJOLS

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“…Norovirus was mostly detected in watery stool. is suggests high NoV detection in liquid stool as previously reported in the study area [22]. Different genotypes of NoV were identified including GII.Pg, GII.Pg/GII.1, GII.1, GII.2, GII.4, and GI.3 in this study:…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa

Mulondo

Khumela

Kabue

et al. 2020

Advances in Virology

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Background. Human norovirus (NoV) is an etiological agent associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in both children and adults worldwide. However, very few studies have been reported on the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV strains in children older than 5 years of age and adults with little or inadequate water and sanitation conditions. Objectives. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of the human norovirus in older children and adults suffering with diarrhoea from rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods. Between August 2017 and October 2018, stool samples were collected from outpatients suffering from AGE and screened for NoV strains using the RIDA©GENE norovirus I and II real-time one-step RT-PCR. RNA extracts of NoV-positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing to genotype the positive NoV strains. Results. Out of 80 collected stool samples, 13 (16%) were tested positive for norovirus. Genogroup GII was identified in 6/13 (46%) samples and genogroup GI in 7/13 (54%) samples. The sequence analyses showed multiple genotypes including GII.Pg, GII.1, GII.2, GII.4, and GI.3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relatedness of NoV genotypes identified with other strains reported globally. Conclusion. Continued systematic surveillance to evaluate norovirus association with diarrhoea is needed to assist with epidemiological surveillance and disease burden in people of all the age groups.

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“…In Real-Time PCR C T levels are used as a surrogate measurement of viral load in combination with standards of known quantities (10). In this study, HBoV1 was detected in 3 patients with a median C T value of ± 23.8, and HBoV2 in 2 patients with a median C T value of ± 36, whereas HBoV3 was detected in 3 patients with a median C T value of ± 27.7 ( Table 2).…”

Section: Detection and Genotyping Of Hbov Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Human Bocavirus Prevalence In Children With Acute Gastroenteritis From Rural Communities In The Northen Region Of South Africa

Rikhotso

Khumela

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BACKGROUND: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus globally associated with diarrhea. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of HBoV genotypes in children (≤5 years) from rural communities in South Africa (SA) suffering from AGE. MATERIAL AND METHOD:A total of 141 fecal samples of children ≤5 years with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were collected from rural Primary Health Care facilities in the Vhembe district of SA between June 2017 and July 2018. Clinical symptoms and demographic data were also recorded. A total of 102 (72%) were outpatients and 39 (28%) were hospitalized patients. Human Bocavirus (HBoV) genotypes were determined using Real-Time Multiplex PCR. DNA extracts of positive samples were confirmed by conventional PCR targeting the NS1 gene. Co-infection with other enteric viruses were determined in HBoV positive samples using Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: HBoV was detected in 8 (5.7%) children with AGE. Children were in the age group between 1-24 months. HBoV1 and HBoV3 genotypes were each detected in 3 (37.5%) stool samples and HBoV2 in 2 (25%) stool samples. Co-infection with other enteric viruses included Rotavirus (37.5%); Adenovirus (37.5%); Norovirus (25%) and Astrovirus (12.5%). CONCLUSION: HBoV infections could be seen as a potential emerging diarrheal pathogen in South Africa. Further studies are required to understand the role of HBoV infections in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis.

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Norovirus prevalence and estimated viral load in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa

Cited by 27 publications

References 40 publications

Norovirus Infection among Children Under 5 Years of Age In Niger-Delta Zone, Nigeria

Norovirus Infection among Children Under 5 Years of Age In Niger-Delta Zone, Nigeria

Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa

Human Bocavirus Prevalence In Children With Acute Gastroenteritis From Rural Communities In The Northen Region Of South Africa

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