Norovirus outbreaks occurred in different settings in the Republic of Korea

Cho, Hae-Wol; Chu, Chaeshin

doi:10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.001

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This study suggests that middle schools and primary schools are the most important settings in China. This finding is consistent with those reported in other Asian countries, including Japan and Korea [ 31 , 32 ], but inconsistent with reports from Europe and the US, where nursing homes and child care centers have been the predominant settings [ 7 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. In China, middle schools and primary schools are enclosed dormitory buildings with incomplete boiled water supply, and students do not have a strong sense of personal hygiene [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016

Qin

Chan

Cai

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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There are periodical norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis outbreaks around the world. This study aimed to analyze the molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus infections in China during 2006–2016. We extracted epidemiological data from 132 norovirus outbreaks and the norovirus genotyping for 1291 sequences in China over the past ten years. A total of 132 norovirus outbreaks (8133 cases) were reported in China, where the east and south regions were most affected [47.7% (63/132)]. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in 2015. A seasonal pattern has been observed, with a peak from November to the following March. Most of the outbreaks occurred in middle and primary schools, accounting for 28.8% (38/132), and 28.0% (37/132) of outbreaks, respectively. The dominant age group was 10 to 19 years old, responsible for 75.7% (933/1232) of cases. Generally, the dominant genotypes was GII, for 81.9% (1058/1291) of sequences. G II.4 was the predominant genotype in China from 2004 to 2014. However, the GII.17 became more prevalent starting in 2014. Norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis increased sharply in recent years caused by the emergence of GII.17, but epidemiological features have not changed during 2006–2016. Vigilant surveillance should be strengthened to promptly detect any variation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016

Qin

Chan

Cai

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…Almost all (93.7%) outbreaks in our study occurred in childcare centers and schools (primary schools, middle schools, and universities). These outbreak settings have likewise been identified in other Asia countries, such as Japan and South Korea (18,20), as the most common settings for norovirus outbreaks. In contrast, in the United States and Europe, healthcare facilities (primarily nursing homes and hospitals) are the most commonly reported setting for norovirus outbreaks (11,21,22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Jin¹,

Wu²,

Kong³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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H uman noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, associated with ≈50% of all outbreaks worldwide (1). Norovirus outbreaks are frequently reported in semiclosed institutions, such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and childcare centers (2). The virus is primarily transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through contaminated surfaces, food, or water (1). The relative stability of noroviruses on environmental surfaces makes infection control challenging (3). Several candidate norovirus vaccines are in clinical trials (4). Noroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae. The genome is organized into 3 open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes polyprotein, ORF2 encodes the major capsid protein (VP1), and ORF3 encodes the minor (VP2) capsid protein. The viruses are classified into at least 7 genogroups (G), of which viruses from GI, GII, and GIV infect humans (5,6). On the basis of the diversity of VP1, these genogroups can be further divided into at least 33 genotypes: 9 GI, 22 GII, and 2 GIV (7). In addition, on the basis of the diversity of the polymerase region of ORF1, >14 GI polymerase (GI.P) types and 27 GII.P types have been described (7). Because of the frequent recombination at the ORF1/ORF2 junction region, a dual-typing system has been proposed for GI and GII noroviruses (7). Since 2002, genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4), noroviruses have been associated with most norovirus outbreaks globally, and new GII.4 variants have emerged every 2-3 years (8). Monitoring the trends in the distribution of the various genotypes and possible association of certain strains with a more severe disease outcome is important for understanding and controlling norovirus epidemics (9). Several norovirus outbreak surveillance networks, including NoroNet (10) and CaliciNet (7,11), have been developed during the past decade. NoroNet captures molecular and epidemiologic data on norovirus outbreaks and sporadic cases submitted by 19 participating countries across Europe and Asia and by Australia. CaliciNet is a norovirus outbreak surveillance network in the United States in which state and local public health laboratories electronically submit laboratory data, including sequences from norovirus outbreaks, to a central database (https://www. cdc.gov/norovirus/reporting/calicinet/data.html). CaliciNet data are integrated with epidemiologic data

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“…Similar to studies from other countries in the northern hemisphere, the peak of norovirus outbreaks mainly occurred from October to March of the next year ( 9 ). Like other Asian countries such as Japan and the Republic of Korea, schools and kindergartens were also identified as the most common places of norovirus outbreaks in China ( 10 - 11 ). The high proportion of norovirus outbreaks in kindergartens and schools may be related to the high population density in these environments, as well as our enhanced monitoring and reporting of school outbreaks in China ( 12 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Caused by Norovirus GII.4 Sydney [P31] Strains — China, October 2016–December 2020

Xi¹,

He²,

Wei³

et al. 2021

China CDC Weekly

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Introduction: Human noroviruses are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide in all age groups. GII.4 strains have been the predominant genotype circulating globally over the last 2 decades and since 2012. GII.4 Sydney viruses have emerged and caused the majority of AGE outbreaks worldwide.Methods: Data from norovirus outbreaks from the laboratory-based surveillance of norovirus outbreaks in China (CaliciNet China) between October 2016-December 2020 were analyzed.Results: During October 2016-December 2020, 1,954 norovirus outbreaks were reported, and positive fecal samples from 1,352 (69.19%) outbreaks were genotyped. GII.4 Sydney [P31] viruses accounted for 2.

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Norovirus outbreaks occurred in different settings in the Republic of Korea

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016

Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016

Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Caused by Norovirus GII.4 Sydney [P31] Strains — China, October 2016–December 2020

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