Norovirus Genotypes Present in Oysters and in Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant during the Seasonal Peak of Infections in Ireland in 2010

Rajko-Nenow, Paulina; Waters, Allison; Keaveney, Sinéad; Flannery, John; Tuite, Gráinne; Coughlan, Suzie; O'Flaherty, Vincent; Doré, William

doi:10.1128/aem.03557-12

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The concentration of NoV GII in the influent was higher than that of GI, which is in accordance with previous reports and epidemiological trends in the United States and globally (3,8,(35)(36)(37)(38). Epidemiological data in the United States and worldwide have shown that NoV outbreaks peak in the colder winter months, with 55% of the cases in the United States occurring in December to February (35,39), and is in agreement with our observation of high NoV GII densities (5.6 log 10 GC/100 ml) in the influent in November to March and with previous reports (3, 37, 40, 41).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…We did not identify any GI.6 strains; however, it was the dominant GI genotype isolated from 49 WTTP in the Netherlands (44). GI.4 was the dominant genotype in wastewater effluent, and oysters were contaminated with wastewater in Ireland (38); however, we found this genotype only in January in 17% (3/18) of the influent and 5% (1/18) of the effluent clones. The GI.1 genotype was the dominant NoV strain in the influent; however, this genotype has been associated with less than 1% of the outbreaks in the United States during 2009 to 2013, as opposed to GI.6 (49.7%), GI.3 (24.6%), and GI.4 (9.9%) (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…A recent study estimated that the 50% human infectious dose (HID50) of NoV is similar to that of other RNA viruses and ranges between 3.01 and 3.45 log 10 virions (43). Regarding high densities of NoV GI and GII observed in the effluent discharged into the river water, we can imply that the exposure of drinking water, irrigation water, shellfish harvesting, or recreational waters with sewage-contaminated surface waters can pose a potential health risk to humans (37,38,42,44). The health risk can be higher during the aftermath of a heavy rain or system failure that causes overflow of raw or partially treated wastewater into the environment (45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It suggests that nonepidemic or subclinical gastroenteritis incidences in the community contributed to the high prevalence of GI.1 strains that were reflected in the influent samples (4). Other NoV genotypes that have been reported in WWTP are GI.2, GI.5 to GI.9, GI.11, GI.12, and GI.14 and GII.1, GII.2, GII.5 to GII.12, and GII.15 to GII.17 (5,38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NoV GII.4 has been largely associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States and worldwide and is the most frequently identified genotype in food-borne NoV outbreaks (13) and wastewater (3,5,38). According to epidemiological studies, about 94% of all outbreaks in the United States during 2009 to 2013 have been typed as NoV GII.4 New Orleans or GII.4 Sydney.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

Montazeri

Goettert

Achberger

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Pathogenic enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, with diverse symptoms. Raw and partially treated wastewaters are major sources of environmental contamination with enteric viruses. We monitored a municipal secondary wastewater treatment plant (New Orleans, LA) on a monthly basis for norovirus (NoV) GI and GII and enterovirus serotypes using multiplex reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and microbial indicators of fecal contamination using standard plating methods. Densities of indicator bacteria (enterococci, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) did not show monthly or seasonal patterns. Norovirus GII was more abundant than GI and, along with enterovirus serotypes, increased in influent during fall and spring. The highest NoV GI density in influent was in the fall, reaching an average of 4.0 log 10 genomic copies/100 ml. Norovirus GI removal (0.95 log 10 ) was lower than that for GII, enterovirus serotypes, and male-specific coliphages (1.48 log 10 ) or for indicator bacteria (4.36 log 10 ), suggesting higher resistance of viruses to treatment. Male-specific coliphages correlated with NoV GII densities in influent and effluent (r ‫؍‬ 0.48 and 0.76, respectively) and monthly removal, indicating that male-specific coliphages can be more reliable than indicator bacteria to monitor norovirus GII load and microbial removal. Dominant norovirus genotypes were classified into three GI genotypes (GI.1, GI.3, and GI.4) and four GII genotypes (GII.3, GII.4, GII.13, and GII.21), dominated by GI.1 and GII.4 strains. Some of the seasonal and temporal patterns we observed in the pathogenic enteric viruses were different from those of epidemiological observations. E nteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans with diverse symptoms. Infected individuals shed millions of virus particles in their feces or body fluids, which eventually enter sewage systems. Enteric viruses may naturally occur in aquatic environments as well, but human activities, in particular, sewage discharge, is the primary source of environmental contaminants (1-3). Among the pathogenic enteric viruses, norovirus (NoV), enterovirus (EV), adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus have been found frequently in municipal wastewaters worldwide (1, 4-6). Several gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked directly or indirectly to human exposure of raw or partially treated sewage-contaminated water or foods (2).Municipal wastewaters usually undergo a secondary treatment before being discharged into the environment. The process involves a mechanical treatment for removing solids followed by biological and chemical treatments, nutrient removal, and discharge (7). Primary-treated (physically processed) wastewater or the effluent water that does not undergo a disinfection process may still harbor infectious enteric viruses, similar to the raw sewage (4, 8). To protect water quality and public safety, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli have been used to monitor fecal pollution in wastewater dis...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

Montazeri

Goettert

Achberger

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the genome of a recombinant norovirus of the rare genotype GII.P7/GII.6 in China

Cai

Jin

et al. 2017

Arch Virol

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The genome sequence of a rare recombinant norovirus (NoV) genotype obtained from clinical samples in China was determined using one-step reverse transcription PCR. It was identified as the GII.P7/GII.6 genotype using both phylogenetic and SimPlot analyses. A high degree of variability was observed in the P2 subdomain, especially in the B-loop structure. The recombination breakpoints of all available GII.P7/GII.6 strains were mapped to two different positions within the RdRp region, both of which were at least 40 nt upstream of the overlap of ORF1 and 2. The GII.P7/GII.6 genotype appears to have been circulating in Asia for at least 10 years.

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Occurrence of Noroviruses and Their Correlation with Microbial Indicators in Raw Milk

2015

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This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of raw cow's milk in a collection center in the city of Mashhad, Iran. A total of 19 raw cow's milk samples were collected and simultaneously analyzed for male-specific (F(+)) coliphage and Escherichia coli using culture-based methods and for enteric viruses by reverse transcriptase semi-nested PCR using primer sets specific for human norovirus Group I (HNV-GI), human norovirus Group II (HNV-GII), and enteroviruses (EV). Seven out of 19 (36.8%) raw milk samples tested positive for human noroviruses (HNV). The genotypes detected were HNV-GI and HNV-GII. Three positive samples contained both genotypes, and 2 samples were positive for either of HNV-GI and HNV-GII. No sample tested positive for EV. The correlation between the occurrence of HNV and the microbial indicators was studied. The statistical analysis using first- and second-order regression revealed that there is no correlation between F(+) coliphage and E. coli. Similarly, no correlation was noticed between the occurrence of F(+) coliphages and HNV. However, frequency distribution analysis indicated that 3 out of 4 (75%) of raw milk samples containing F(+) coliphage at a concentration higher than 10(4) pfu/100 ml were also positive for noroviruses. The limited data on the occurrence of noroviruses in raw milk suggest a poor sanitation and hygiene practices at the facility and indicate a possible correlation between the viral indicator at high concentration and human noroviruses; however, this analysis needs further investigation in a larger scale study.

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Norovirus Genotypes Present in Oysters and in Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant during the Seasonal Peak of Infections in Ireland in 2010

Cited by 52 publications

References 45 publications

Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the genome of a recombinant norovirus of the rare genotype GII.P7/GII.6 in China

Occurrence of Noroviruses and Their Correlation with Microbial Indicators in Raw Milk

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