Norovirus Disease Among Children &amp;lt;5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Omore, Richard; Powell, Helen; Sow, Samba O.; Hossain, M. Jahangir; Ogwel, Billy; Sanogo, Doh; Ochieng, John B.; Jones, Joquina Chiquita M; Zaman, Syed M A; Awuor, Alex O; Juma, Jane; Kasumba, Irene N; Roose, Anna; Jamka, Leslie P; Nasrin, Dilruba; Liu, Jie; Keita, Adama Mamby; Traoré, Awa; Onwuchekwa, Uma; Badji, Henry; Sarwar, Golam; Antonio, Martín; Sugerman, Ciara E; Mintz, Eric D.; Houpt, Eric R.; Verani, Jennifer R.; Widdowson, Marc‐Alain; Tennant, Sharon M.; Platts-Mills, James A; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Kotloff, Karen L.

doi:10.1093/cid/ciac967

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(55 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…No resistance was observed for ceftriaxone [ 3 ]. While previous studies have shown diarrhea seasonality aligning with the rainfall pattern, climate change is likely an important driver influencing diarrhea epidemiology and even etiology-specific prevalence in Kenya, consistent with observations from other similar settings in Africa as described elsewhere [ 26–28 ].…”

Section: Historical Shigella Incidence Prevalence ...supporting

confidence: 88%

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Kenya

Omore,

Awuor,

Ogwel

et al. 2024

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Although Shigella is an important cause of diarrhea in Kenyan children, robust research platforms capable of conducting incidence-based Shigella estimates and eventual Shigella-targeted clinical trials are needed to improve Shigella-related outcomes in children. Here, we describe characteristics of a disease surveillance platform whose goal is to support incidence and consequences of Shigella diarrhea as part of multicounty surveillance aimed at preparing sites and assembling expertise for future Shigella vaccine trials. Methods We mobilized our preexisting expertise in shigellosis, vaccinology, and diarrheal disease epidemiology, which we combined with our experience conducting population-based sampling, clinical trials with high (97%–98%) retention rates, and healthcare utilization surveys. We leveraged our established demographic surveillance system (DSS), our network of healthcare centers serving the DSS, and our laboratory facilities with staff experienced in performing microbiologic and molecular diagnostics to identify enteric infections. We joined these resources with an international network of sites with similar capabilities and infrastructure to form a cohesive scientific network, designated Enterics for Global Health (EFGH), with the aim of expanding and updating our knowledge of the epidemiology and adverse consequences of shigellosis and enriching local research and career development priorities. Conclusions Shigella surveillance data from this platform could help inform Shigella vaccine trials.

show abstract

Section: Historical Shigella Incidence Prevalence ...supporting

confidence: 88%

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Kenya

Omore,

Awuor,

Ogwel

et al. 2024

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A previous norovirus survey in this study area did not find a statistical difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic subgroups [ 27 ]. The findings suggest that norovirus is strongly associated with VAGE in this region, as reported in other low- and middle-income countries [ 40 , 41 ]. HNoV infections level were higher (59%) in hospitalised patients compared to outpatients (41%), suggesting that norovirus is actively involved in AGE symptoms and diarrhoea disease ( p = 0.0129).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In this study, HNoV predominated among children between 6 and 23 months old. Recently published data showed that norovirus disease burden is mostly experienced at this age range in African countries [ 40 ]. A similar finding was observed in the MALED group study, wherein norovirus infection peaked after 6 months [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Human Norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] between 2019 and 2021 among Young Children from Rural Communities in South Africa

Khumela

Ngandu

Moraes

et al. 2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Human norovirus (HNoV), particularly GII.4 strains, are important agents of AGE. This study aimed to detect and characterise HNoV in children with and without AGE. Between 2019 and 2021, 300 stool samples (200 AGE and 100 without AGE) were collected from children below 5 years of age referred to the healthcare facilities of the rural communities of Vhembe District, South Africa. After detection using real-time RT-PCR, HNoV positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Partial nucleotide sequences (capsid/RdRp) were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 11. The nucleotides’ percent identity among HNoV strains was compared using ClustalW software. A significant difference in HNoV prevalence between AGE children (37%; 74/200) and non-AGE (14%; 14/100) was confirmed (p < 0.0001). Genogroup II (GII) HNoV was predominant in AGE children (80%; 59/74), whereas most non-AGE children were infected by the GI norovirus genogroup (64%; 9/14). GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] strains were dominant (59%; 19/32) during the study period. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the HNoV strains identified in this study and those circulating worldwide; however, ClustalW showed less than 50% nucleotide similarity between strains from this study and those from previously reported norovirus studies in the same region. Our findings indicate significant changes over time in the circulation of HNoV strains, as well as the association between high HNoV prevalence and AGE symptoms within the study area. The monitoring of HuNoV epidemiology, along with stringent preventive measures to mitigate the viral spread and the burden of AGE, are warranted.

show abstract

“…The objectives of the research presented here were to describe the prevalence of episodes attributable to adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavirus and the clinical characteristics of these cases; to examine the severity of attributable cases of adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, and sapovirus compared with rotavirus; and to describe the seasonality of these viruses. The compelling need to better define the global burden of norovirus in low-income settings [ 27 ] is the subject of a separate analysis [ 28 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Clinical Severity, and Seasonality of Adenovirus 40/41, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, and Rotavirus Among Young Children With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea: Results From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study

Keita

Sanogo

Sow

et al. 2023

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background While rotavirus causes severe diarrheal disease in children aged <5 years, data on other viral causes in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. Methods In the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa study (2015–2018), we analyzed stool from children aged 0–59 months with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and without diarrhea (controls) in Kenya, Mali, and The Gambia using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We derived the attributable fraction (AFe) based on the association between MSD and the pathogen, accounting for other pathogens, site, and age. A pathogen was attributable if the AFe was ≥0.5. The severity of attributable MSD was defined by a modified Vesikari score (mVS). Monthly cases were plotted against temperature and rainfall to assess seasonality. Results Among 4840 MSD cases, proportions attributed to rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, and sapovirus were 12.6%, 2.7%, 2.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. Attributable rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and astrovirus MSD cases occurred at all sites, with mVS of 11, 10, and 7, respectively. MSD cases attributable to sapovirus occurred in Kenya, with mVS of 9. Astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41 peaked during the rainy season in The Gambia, while rotavirus peaked during the dry season in Mali and The Gambia. Conclusions In sub-Saharan Africa, rotavirus was the most common cause of MSD; adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, and sapovirus contributed to a lesser extent among children aged <5 years. Rotavirus- and adenovirus 40/41-attributable MSD were most severe. Seasonality varied by pathogen and location. Efforts to increase the coverage of rotavirus vaccines and to improve prevention and treatment for childhood diarrhea should continue.

show abstract

Norovirus Disease Among Children <5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Kenya

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Kenya

Prevalence of Human Norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] between 2019 and 2021 among Young Children from Rural Communities in South Africa

Prevalence, Clinical Severity, and Seasonality of Adenovirus 40/41, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, and Rotavirus Among Young Children With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea: Results From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About