Norovirus and Rotavirus Survival in Urine Collected from a Public Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Makaya, Joseph M.; Kaplon, Jérôme; Fremy, Céline; Barro, Nicolas; Aho, Serge; Pothier, Pierre; Belliot, Gaël; Traoré, Alfred S.

doi:10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The kinetic trends observed in this study were generally consistent with studies using real matrices (19,26,30,(34)(35)(36)58), although some works reported contradictory results (25,27,32,37). This may be due to the high complexity of real matrices compared to the well-controlled solutions used in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Decrey

Kazama

Kohn

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Treatment. DNA and dsRNA viruses were considerably more resistant than ssRNA viruses, resulting in up to 1,000-fold-longer treatment times to reach a 4-log inactivation. The apparently slower inactivation of DNA viruses was rationalized by the higher stability of DNA than that of ssRNA in HEAM. Pushing the system toward harsher pH (>9) and temperature (>35°C) conditions, such as those encountered in thermophilic digestion and alkaline treatments, led to more consistent inactivation kinetics among ssRNA and other viruses. This suggests that the dependence of inactivation on genome type disappeared in favor of protein-mediated inactivation mechanisms common to all viruses. Finally, we recommend the use of MS2 as a conservative indicator to assess the inactivation of ssRNA viruses and the stable ⌽X174 or dsDNA phages as indicators for persistent viruses. IMPORTANCEViruses are among the most environmentally persistent pathogens. They can be present in high concentrations in human excreta and animal manure (HEAM). Therefore, appropriate treatment of HEAM is important prior to its reuse or discharge into the environment. Here, we investigated the factors that determine the persistence of viruses in HEAM, and we determined the main mechanisms that lead to their inactivation. Unlike other organisms, viruses can have four different genome types (double-or single-stranded RNA or DNA), and the viruses studied herein represent all four types. Genome type appeared to be the major determinant for persistence. Single-stranded RNA viruses are the most labile, because this genome type is susceptible to degradation in HEAM. In contrast, the other genome types are more stable; therefore, inactivation is slower and mainly driven by the degradation of viral proteins. Overall, this study allows us to better understand the behavior of viruses in HEAM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Decrey

Kazama

Kohn

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…notably, previous research has proven inconclusive on the role of urine as a transmission pathway for faecal pathogens. A study by Bischel and colleagues (2015) found 100 per cent of urine samples collected from urine diversion sanitation systems had diarrhoeal bacteria representing a wide spectrum of faecal pathogens (Bischel et al, 2015), whereas a study by Makaya and colleagues (2015) found 100 per cent of urine samples negative for rotavirus (roV) and norovirus (noV) in a similar study (Makaya et al, 2015). The likelihood of faeces-to-urine cross-contamination, as well as the role of causal mechanisms and controls, are therefore areas of research that demand further exploration.…”

Section: Discussion: Combining Findings Of Environmental Contaminatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container-based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya

et al. 2018

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Little has been studied about the potential risks and hazards arising from the use and operation of container-based sanitation (CBS) systems. Building on existing risk assessment frameworks, this case study aimed to identify exposure risks from faecal pathogens and relevant control measures in a CBS service chain. The case study employed a mixed-methods approach that included environmental sampling, key informant interviews, and direct observation. This inclusion of a behavioural dimension reflects a socio-cultural approach to risk analysis that is less evident in overtly quantitative approaches to risk assessment that are typical of the health risk field. Data from this case study was collected in Naivasha, Kenya in July 2016. The hazard intensity and role of specific transmission routes was validated by environmental sampling, which found a high level of faecal contamination on toilet surfaces and a consequent high risk of hand-to-mouth infection for users and operators. The hazard analysis identified nine critical control points where exposure risks may be either prevented or reduced via the implementation of relevant control measures. We discovered that the production of exposure risks was related to multiple, interrelated causal mechanisms and risk factors, findings we expect will guide approaches to exposure risk management in the future.

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The Short-term Effects of Temperature on Infectious Diarrhea among Children under 5 Years Old in Jiangsu, China: A Time-series Study (2015–2019)

Huang

Zheng

et al. 2021

CURR MED SCI

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SummaryThe association between meteorological factors and infectious diarrhea has been widely studied in many countries. However, investigation among children under 5 years old in Jiangsu, China remains quite limited. Data including infectious diarrhea cases among children under five years old and daily meteorological indexes in Jiangsu, China from 2015 to 2019 were collected. The lag-effects up to 21 days of daily maximum temperature (Tmax) on infectious diarrhea were explored using a quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) approach. The cases number of infectious diarrhea was significantly associated with seasonal variation of meteorological factors, and the burden of disease mainly occurred among children aged 0–2 years old. Moreover, when the reference value was set at 16.7°C, Tmax had a significant lag-effect on cases of infectious diarrhea among children under 5 years old in Jiangsu Province, which was increased remarkably in cold weather with the highest risk at 8°C. The results of DLNM analysis implicated that the lag-effect of Tmax varied among the 13 cities in Jiangsu and had significant differences in 8 cities. The highest risk of Tmax was presented at 5 lag days in Huaian with a maximum RR of 1.18 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.29). Suzhou which had the highest number of diarrhea cases (15830 cases), had a maximum RR of 1.04 (95% CI:1.03, 1.05) on lag 15 days. Tmax is a considerable indicator to predict the epidemic of infectious diarrhea among 13 cities in Jiangsu, which reminds us that in cold seasons, more preventive strategies and measures should be done to prevent infectious diarrhea.

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Norovirus and Rotavirus Survival in Urine Collected from a Public Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container-based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya

The Short-term Effects of Temperature on Infectious Diarrhea among Children under 5 Years Old in Jiangsu, China: A Time-series Study (2015–2019)

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