Norovirus and Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children, Italy

Colomba, Claudia; Saporito, Laura; Giammanco, Anna; Grazia, Simona De; Ramirez, Stefania; Arista, Serenella; Titone, Lucina

doi:10.3201/eid1309.061408

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…11 Over the last 3 years a number of studies have investigated the prevalence of NoV infection in hospitalised children. 5 A wide range of prevalences (6-48%) were reported with a median of 14%, 5 and in some studies NoV-associated gastroenteritis was almost as common as RV infections [12][13][14] indicating that NoVs may be clinically more relevant than previously thought. NoV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks were first reported in South Africa (SA) in 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Mans

Villiers

Plessis

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Noroviruses (NoVs) are important enteric pathogens that cause gastroenteritis worldwide. The first documented NoV outbreaks in South Africa (SA) were described in 1993. The current NoV prevalence and circulating genotypes are unknown. SA lacks NoV outbreak reporting systems and therefore the number and impact of NoV infections is underestimated. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV infections in hospitalised paediatric patients with gastroenteritis in SA during 2008. Study design: Stool specimens referred for virological analysis from hospitalised children ≤13 years, with gastroenteritis, were screened for rotavirus, human adenovirus and human astrovirus by enzyme immunoassay and for NoV genogroup I (GI), II (GII) and sapovirus by real-time RT-PCR. NoV strains were genotyped, and variants identified, based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5 end or the full length of the capsid gene, respectively. Results: Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus detected in 24.2% (61/252) of specimens, followed by NoV in 14.3% (35/245) and adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus in 9.6%, 6.7% and 4% of specimens, respectively. NoVs were only detected in children ≤2 years. The GII NoVs (89%) predominated and eight types were identified with GII.4 (43%) detected most frequently. The emerging 2008 GII.4 variant represented 80% of the GII.4 strains. Conclusions: A diverse range of NoV genotypes were identified in hospitalised children with gastroenteritis. The 2008 GII.4 variant was the most frequently detected strain in the study. This is the first report of NoV GII.4 viruses in SA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Mans

Villiers

Plessis

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Di Cristina Children Hospital'' of Palermo [Colomba et al, 2007]. Indeed, NoV was recognized as the causative agent of disease in 39.2% of the children with gastroenteritis, while rotaviruses were detected in 33.8% of the patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of reliable and sensitive diagnostic molecular techniques has demonstrated the relevance of NoV infection, with prevalence rates ranging from 10% to 79.3% [Phan et al, 2006;Colomba et al, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GIIb/Hilversum NoV strains share a common polymerase gene and display a variety of capsid genes [Ambert-Balay et al, 2005;Reuter et al, 2005]. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis applied to RT-PCR amplicons (PCR-RFLP) of the RdRp gene (region A) proved useful to recognize GII.4 and GII.b/Hilversum NoVs as the main cause of sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in children admitted to hospital in Italy in 2004 [Colomba et al, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging GII.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in Palermo, Italy in 2006

Ramirez

Giammanco

Grazia

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Virology

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Although the genetic/antigenic heterogeneity of human noroviruses (NoVs) is impressive, a few genogroup II strains of genotype 4 (GII.4) are dominant worldwide. GII.4 NoVs evolve rapidly and in the last 15 years six epidemic variants have been identified. In 2005–2006, surveillance of sporadic viral gastroenteritis in children in Palermo, Italy, resulted in the detection of NoV\ud strains in 20.9% of the patients admitted to\ud hospital. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of\ud region A in the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase\ud (RdRp) gene, 59 NoV strains were successfully\ud characterized. Eighty-one percent of the strains were characterized as GII.4, 14% as GIIb/Hilversum and 5% as GI.1. Phylogenetic analysis of region A and of the ORF1/ORF2 overlapping region of the GII.4 strains recovered in Palermo in the years 2002–2006 revealed the sequential emergence of four variants, GII.4 2002, 2004, 2006a, and 2006b. The variant GII.4 2006a was detected in June and July, 2006, while the variant\ud 2006b first appeared in August, 2006, becoming predominant thereafter. Based on these findings, the dynamics of replacement and circulation of the GII.4 NoV variants in Italy in 2005–2006 appear to have matched the temporal pattern observed in Europe during the same period

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“…In this study water resources for the patients were surveyed but no relationship between water and Norovirus infection was established. (19), and 12% in Brazil (20). This virus causes about 40% to 50% of food-related diseases in the US (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Noroviruses Isolated From Children With Acute Gastroenteritis by Rt-PCR in Iran

Roodsari

Bitajian

Gachkar

et al. 2013

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Background: Noroviruses are one of the major viral pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of diarrhea due to Norovirus have been reported frequently. This study is performed to determine the prevalence of Norovirus in fecal specimens of children with gastroenteritis. Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including Rotaviruses; Adenoviruses types 40 and 41; Sapoviruses; and Noroviruses. Current techniques used for detection of Noroviruses in stool samples include multi-step viral RNA extraction and purification followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR). Objectives: The purpose of this study is to detect Norovirus in stool samples by Rt-PCR in 5 different centers in Iran. Patients and Methods: In this study, 2,170 stool samples were collected from children less than five years old from five different cities, all of whom had acute gastroenteritis. Detection of Noroviruses was performed through Rt-PCR. The mean age of the studied population was 48 months. Fecal specimens were collected within 24 hours of admission. The specimens were frozen, sent to the laboratory, and then stored at -70° C until being tested for Norovirus. Results: Rt-PCR was performed for 2,170 stool samples containing 90 (4.14%) Norovirus positive (0.97% Tehran, 0.64% Tabriz, 0.18% Mashhad, 1.57% Shiraz, 0.78% Bandar Abbas). The RT-PCR was validated with published primers for Norovirus (JV12/JV13). In both retrospective and prospective settings, the Rt-PCR was equally sensitive (95%) and specific (95%) in detecting Norovirus. Conclusions: Noroviruses, which are important human pathogens, may cause epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis which in turn can be easily detected by molecular methods.

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Norovirus and Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children, Italy

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Emerging GII.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in Palermo, Italy in 2006

Detection of Noroviruses Isolated From Children With Acute Gastroenteritis by Rt-PCR in Iran

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