“…Application of normative theory and methods to parks and outdoor recreation has raised several conceptual and empirical issues (Heywood, 1993a(Heywood, , 1993b(Heywood, , 1996a(Heywood, , 1996bManning et al, 2001;McDonald, 1996;Noe, 1992;Patterson & Hammitt, 1990;Roggenbuck et al, 1991;Shelby et al, 1996;. As originally conceived, norms are understood to (a) guide behavior (Biddle, 1986;Blake & Davis, 1964;Cancian, 1975), (b) be enforced by sanctions (Homans, 1950;Rossi & Berk, 1985) and (c) be widely shared by social groups (Rossi & Berk, 1985).…”