Normative Model for Cold Pressor Test

Walsh, Nicolas E.; Schoenfeld, Lawrence S.; Ramamurthy, Somayaji; Hoffman, Joan

doi:10.1097/00002060-198902000-00003

Cited by 177 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…All of the scales were able to detect differences in pain resulting from 4 different temperatures, with variations in temperature resulting in statistically significant differences in pain intensity ratings, and lower temperatures resulting in higher pain ratings for each of the 4 scales studied. These results are consistent with previous studies that support each scale's validity [9,10,24,33,44,45], and show that small variations in water temperature result in significant differences in pain intensity ratings [22,40,53,54].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Regarding sex effect on pain intensity ratings, our results are in line with previous research showing significant sex effects on intensity ratings following painful stimulation [34,35,51,54], with women reporting higher pain intensity ratings across temperatures. The sex effects were statistically significant for 3 of the scales (NRS, VRS, FPS-R), and showed a nonsignificant trend for the VAS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The cold-pressor test is an experimental method for inducing pain that is thought to reflect many (but not all) of the critical components of clinical pain [25], and its advantages are discussed in the literature [14,22,40,53]. Moreover, an increase in pain intensity as water temperature decreases is well documented, with small variations in water temperature resulting in significant differences in pain intensity [22,53,54].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have examined the influence of sex on pain perceptions and pain response to experimental pain [14,40], with normally menstruating women usually being more sensitive to painful stimuli than men [34,36,51,54]. Laboratory pain experiments that include both men and women provide an opportunity to compare the ability of pain ratings to detect these well-established sex differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validity of four pain intensity rating scales

Ferreira-Valente

Pais-Ribeiro

Jensen

2011

Pain

1,325

908

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a b s t r a c tThe Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) are among the most commonly used measures of pain intensity in clinical and research settings. Although evidence supports their validity as measures of pain intensity, few studies have compared them with respect to the critical validity criteria of responsivity, and no experiment has directly compared all 4 measures in the same study. The current study compared the relative validity of VAS, NRS, VRS, and FPS-R for detecting differences in painful stimulus intensity and differences between men and women in response to experimentally induced pain. One hundred twenty-seven subjects underwent four 20-second cold pressor trials with temperature order counterbalanced across 1°C, 3°C, 5°C, and 7°C and rated pain intensity using all 4 scales. Results showed statistically significant differences in pain intensity between temperatures for each scale, with lower temperatures resulting in higher pain intensity. The order of responsivity was as follows: NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R. However, there were relatively small differences in the responsivity between scales. A statistically significant sex main effect was also found for the NRS, VRS, and FPS-R. The findings are consistent with previous studies supporting the validity of each scale. The most support emerged for the NRS as being both (1) most responsive and (2) able to detect sex differences in pain intensity. The results also provide support for the validity of the scales for use in Portuguese samples. Ó

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Validity of four pain intensity rating scales

Ferreira-Valente

Pais-Ribeiro

Jensen

2011

Pain

1,325

908

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Walsh and colleagues (1989) found out that pain tolerance to cold pressor test in the groups of African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans is lower, compared to ______________________________ (6). Other studies examined cold pain threshold and pain tolerance of Americans from different ethnic backgrounds (7)(8)(9)(10) or explore tolerance only (11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health locus of control and pain tolerance among groups with different socio-cultural characteristics

Mineva¹,

Petkova²,

Nikolov³

2015

TJS

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A number of studies have positively correlated the experience of pain with socio-cultural factors. These studies are a part of a not enough developed area of researcher's demands to identify factors that might contribute to the individual's pain experience. These could include somatic (physical) and psychological factors, as well as contextual factors, such as situational and cultural considerations. These articles have discussed several socio-cultural factors that contribute to individual differences in pain perception, including ethnicity, sex and psychological variables (health locus of control). These factors have been discussed in the context of the biopsychosocial model of pain, which posits that pain perception is influenced by interactions among biological, psychosocial, and socio-cultural factors. 62 students were involved in this investigation as volunteers. 30 students self defined their ethnicity as Turkish and 32 self defined their ethnicity as Bulgarian. Cold pressure test and Health locus of control questionnaire were used. Cold pressure test was used to identify pain tolerance toward experimentally induced pain. The result of investigation suggests that health locus of control correlated with ethnicity. In addition, pain tolerance ranged within different socio-cultural groups. Finally, the scientific implications of individual differences in pain are discussed.

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Association between human μ‐opioid receptor gene polymorphism, pain tolerance, and opioid addiction

Compton¹,

Geschwind

Alarcón

2003

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Central to both pain responses and opioid addiction is activity at the micro -opioid receptor. To explore the role of the micro -opioid receptor gene (OPRM) in human pain tolerance and opioid addiction, we examined the relationships among OPRM genotype and experimental pain tolerance in opioid addicts in methadone treatment (n = 50) and healthy normal controls (n = 59). Pain phenotype (pain tolerant vs. pain intolerant) was operationalized as tolerance to a standardized noxious stimulus (either thermal or mechanical), and dichotomized based on distribution. One microsatellite and two single nucleotide polymorphisms, A118G and C17T, in exon 1 were typed to study the OPRM gene. Although the established relationship between the phenotypes of opioid addiction and pain intolerance was validated (P = 0.02), genotype differed neither between addict-affected vs. control, nor pain tolerant vs. intolerant subjects. The variant A118G was absent in all individuals and the C17T polymorphism appeared in only three African-American individuals (two addicts and one control). The absence of this polymorphism, the small sample size and the heterogeneous ethnic backgrounds of participants in the pilot study allow only tentative conclusions based on the results, thus the role of the opioid receptor in pain and opioid reward response remains uncertain.

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Normative Model for Cold Pressor Test

Cited by 177 publications

References 0 publications

Validity of four pain intensity rating scales

Validity of four pain intensity rating scales

Health locus of control and pain tolerance among groups with different socio-cultural characteristics

Association between human μ‐opioid receptor gene polymorphism, pain tolerance, and opioid addiction

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