Normative foundations of reciprocity in preschoolers

Wörle, Monika; Paulus, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104693

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The fact that all participants contributed essentially what they believed others would contribute suggests two aspects characterising cooperation: first, that throughout the lifespan, humans expect to be reciprocated, which is in line with developmental studies revealing that the norm of reciprocity is acquired already during the preschool years 32,33,34 ; second, that throughout the lifespan, beliefs about other people's decisions are modulated by intuition and deliberation in the same way that their own decisions are.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Age-dependent Changes in Intuitive and Deliberative Cooperation

Nava¹,

Margoni²,

Herath³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cooperation is one of the most advantageous strategies to have evolved in small and large-scale human societies, often considered essential to their success or survival. We investigated how cooperation and the mechanisms influencing it change across the lifespan. Using incentivised economic games, we assessed cooperative choices from adolescence to older age (12-79 years) forcing participants to decide either intuitively or deliberatively through the use of randomised time constraints. As determinants of these choices, we considered participants’ level of altruism, their social expectations, their optimism, their desire to be socially accepted, and their attitude toward risk. We found that intuitive decision-making favours cooperation, but only from age 20 when a shift occurs: while in young adults, intuition favours cooperation, in adolescents it is reflection that favours cooperation. Adults and older adults were found to be most cooperative, with intuition still favouring cooperation in older adults, but not in working-age adults where well-established social cooperative heuristics govern both intuitive and deliberative decision making. Participants’ decisions were shown to be rooted in their expectations about other people’s cooperative behaviour and influenced by individuals’ level of optimism about their own future. We show that intuition promotes cooperation only after adolescence, and that the journey to the cooperative humans we become is shaped by reciprocity expectations and individual predispositions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Age-dependent Changes in Intuitive and Deliberative Cooperation

Nava¹,

Margoni²,

Herath³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If we examine PIF from the perspective that it entails the notion of both reciprocity and selfless giving, existing research suggests that individuals start viewing reciprocity as a crucial normative principle at an early age. For example, young children tend to respond contingently to prosocial acts (House et al., 2013), and research shows that children already at an age of five actively endorse and reinforce reciprocity norms (Wörle & Paulus, 2019). Yet, from this stage onward, results appear seemingly contradictory.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who pays it forward the most? Examining organizational citizenship behavior in the workplace

Eriksson

Ferreira

2021

J Theo Soc Psychol

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This work examines individual employee's tendencies to engage in social exchange and organizational citizenship behavior, as a result of their commitment to the organization. It is desirable for organizations to have employees who go above and beyond their prescribed work duties, leading to a number of positive outcomes, such as increased work team effectiveness, increased quality, and quantity of work and elevated overall organizational performance (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1997;Podsakoff et al., 2000). This is a behavior that organizations should seek to enable and there is evidence that kind acts are contagious, meaning that individuals who receive help are more likely to pay it forward and help others (Deckop et al., 2003;Tsvetkova & Macy, 2014). Paying it forward (hereinafter referred to

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“…Reciprocity (i.e., responding to one's actions with similar actions; [1]) is central to social interactions [2][3][4]. It is fundamental for cooperation and is observed across every human culture [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s Reciprocity and Relationship Formation with a Robot Across Age

Leisten¹,

Heyselaar²,

Bosse³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Reciprocity, responding to another one’s actions with similar actions, is central to the formation and maintenance of relationships. Reciprocity and relationship formation change with children’s development and are key aspects in human-robot interaction. So far, it is unclear how children reciprocate and build a relationship with a social robot and how reciprocity to social robots develops with age. In the current preregistered study, we collected data from 147 children aged 5 to 12 years to investigate the developmental trajectory of reciprocity towards a social robot and the formation of a relationship with this robot. To test reciprocity, children completed an Alternated Repeated Ultimatum Game with a social entertainment robot and another child. A recently validated survey on relationship formation was used that assesses trust, closeness, and social support. Results from a linear-mixed effects Bayesian analysis indicated that children reciprocated similarly to a robot as to another child. While reciprocity differed across age with lower values for 8-10-year-olds compared to younger and older children, this difference in the developmental trajectory of reciprocity was also observed when children interacted with the robot. Exploratory analysis showed differing results for positive (reciprocating positive actions with positive actions) and negative reciprocity (reciprocating negative actions with negative actions). Children’s relationship formation with a social robot changed with age but showed different developmental trajectories for trust (linear), closeness (negative quadratic), and social support (constant). No association was found between reciprocity towards the robot and relationship formation. Our findings suggest that established theories from human-human literature, such as the developmental trajectory of reciprocity, are also relevant for human-robot interaction. Children’s age is an important determinant for how children interact with and perceive robots. This therefore needs to be considered when designing robotic systems and experiments in the future as it could influence the success and effectiveness of both.

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Normative foundations of reciprocity in preschoolers

Cited by 18 publications

References 64 publications

Age-dependent Changes in Intuitive and Deliberative Cooperation

Age-dependent Changes in Intuitive and Deliberative Cooperation

Who pays it forward the most? Examining organizational citizenship behavior in the workplace

Children’s Reciprocity and Relationship Formation with a Robot Across Age

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