Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects

Hummel, Thomas; Kobal, Gerd; Gudziol, H.; Mackay‐Sim, Alan

doi:10.1007/s00405-006-0173-0

Cited by 1,329 publications

(1,520 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As observed in the current study and by others (17), the smell function is the first to be impaired with age. The threshold stage of the test is the most complex to perform.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus

Shoenfeld¹,

Agmon‐Levin²,

Flitman-Katzevman³

et al. 2009

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To assess the olfactory functions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with age-and sex-matched healthy controls, and to examine the association between the sense of smell and disease activity and central nervous system (CNS) involvement.Methods. Olfactory functions in 50 SLE patients and 50 age-and sex-matched controls were evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test, the 3 stages of which are threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) of different odors. TDI scores were analyzed according to SLE disease activity and CNS involvement.Results. In both the SLE and control groups, smell deficit correlated with male sex and older age. A decrease in the sense of smell was observed in SLE patients (46%) and controls (25%) (P < 0.02), while loss of smell (anosmia) was documented only in SLE patients (10%). Total TDI scores and individual stages of smell correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index (P < 0.001) and CNS manifestations (P < 0.03).Conclusion. Our findings suggest that there is a decrease in the sense of smell in SLE patients compared with healthy subjects and that the decrease in the sense of smell among SLE patients correlates with disease activity and CNS involvement.

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“…As observed in the current study and by others (17), the smell function is the first to be impaired with age. The threshold stage of the test is the most complex to perform.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus

Shoenfeld¹,

Agmon‐Levin²,

Flitman-Katzevman³

et al. 2009

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…The answers to these questions were ''always, almost always, sometimes, almost never, and never''. Also, the validated ''Sniffin' Sticks'' olfactory test was performed in order to determine the olfactory abilities of surveyed participants [13,14]. Odorants were presented using commercially available felt-tip pens (''Sniffin' Sticks,'' Burghart GmbH, Wedel, Germany) [15,16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Olfactory Dysfunction in Turkish Population with using Survey Method and Validated Olfactory Testing

Altundağ

Tekelı

Salihoğlu

et al. 2014

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life (QOL), and to investigate olfactory dysfunction related self-reported clinical features in Turkish population. The participants were questioned about the presence of any olfactory dysfunction. Participants with a complaint of olfactory dysfunction were asked to fill out a survey and then a validated olfactory test was performed. We asked 2,824 volunteers whether they had olfactory dysfunctions or not. A total of 199 (6.7 %) people mentioned that they had, and filled out the questions in our survey. The mean age of the surveyed population was 44 ± 15 years. The current investigation produced four major findings (1) the feeling of inadequacy due to olfactory dysfunction was more common among females than males (2) there was a significant correlation between subjective olfactory complaints and objective olfactory testing (3) problems in QOL issues are typically reported primarily in the areas of safety and nutrition (4) the possible reasons for the olfactory dysfunction according to the volunteers were upper respiratory infections including rhinosinusitis (46 %), allergic rhinitis (27 %), severe face and head trauma (6.5 %). The effect of subjective olfactory dysfunctions on QOL among the Turkish population was investigated for the first time. Problems in daily life issues are typically reported primarily in the areas of safety and nutrition.

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“…OF was measured by one trained assessor using the standardized TDI score, a tripartite test measuring olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification applying the ''Sniffin' Sticks test kit'' (n-butanol odour threshold, odour discrimination, and odour identification) [19][20][21].…”

Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Pressure-Pulsed Corticosteroid Inhalation

Goektas¹,

Lau²

2013

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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Chronic rhinosinusitis may cause olfactory dysfunction and affects quality of life in patients. In a prospective study we investigated the effect of topical application of corticosteroids through pressure-pulsed inhalation as treatment option of chronic rhinosinusitis with olfactory disorder. Patients with sinonasal olfactory disorder according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EP3OS) were allocated to the new nasal inhalation therapy or a systemic corticosteroid therapy, each receiving a corticosteroid course of 12 days. 18 patients received topical corticosteroid pressure-pulsed inhalation (AMSA, Schumacher, Dausenau) and 15 systemic corticosteroid. Olfactory function was measured before and after treatment using the Threshold Discrimination Identification score (TDI score) and visual analogue scales. Lund Mackay score (LMS) was measured before starting treatment. Olfactory function (OF) increased from 17.5 ± 6.4 to 21 ± 7.9 TDI points (p \ 0.0005) after 2 months. OF decreased again to 19.5 ± 6.0 after 6 months (p = 0.007). OF increased from 17.0 ± 8.9 to 22.0 ± 9.5 points (p = 0.002) with systemic treatment after 2 months. In the follow-up period of 6 months, the mean TDI score dropped to 20.0 ± 9.2 points (p = 0.01). There was no correlation between LMS and TDI. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with pressure-pulsed inhalation was demonstrated to be effective. Multicenter investigations with large participant numbers are needed.

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Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects

Cited by 1,329 publications

References 33 publications

The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus

The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus

A Study on Olfactory Dysfunction in Turkish Population with using Survey Method and Validated Olfactory Testing

Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Pressure-Pulsed Corticosteroid Inhalation

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