Normative data for the Brief Spanish‐English Verbal Learning Test for representative and diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Breton, Jordana; Stickel, Ariana; Tarraf, Wassim; González, Kevin A.; Keamy, Alexandra J; Schneiderman, Neil; Marquine, María J.; Zlatar, Zvinka Z.; Salmon, David P.; Lamar, Melissa; Daviglus, Martha L.; Lipton, Richard B.; Gallo, Linda C.; Goodman, Zachary T.; González, Héctor M.

doi:10.1002/dad2.12260

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…Word list learning tasks generate some of the most widely used measures for detection of preclinical AD (Weissberger et al, 2017; for review see Belleville et al, 2017), including the amount of learning across repeated presentation-immediate recall trials (i.e., hearing/reading the list and then immediately producing the words), delayed recall (i.e., producing the words after an interposed time interval filled with an unrelated cognitive task), and delayed recognition (i.e., recognizing the words after an interposed time interval filled with an unrelated cognitive task; Bondi et al, 1994). Additional features such as susceptibility to proactive interference or a reduction in semantic clustering are known to be sensitive to AD (Delis et al, 2010; Loewenstein et al, 2016; Rosselli et al, 2019) and can be derived from tests that include multiple word lists or words from multiple semantic categories (Breton et al, 2021; Delis et al, 1987; González et al, 2002; Rosselli et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Spanish–English bilinguals

Mizrahi

Cromheecke

Salmon

et al. 2023

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objectives: The present study examined if disruption of serial position effects in list recall could serve as an early marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Spanish–English bilinguals. Methods: We tested 20 participants initially diagnosed as cognitively normal or with mild cognitive impairment who declined and eventually received a diagnosis of AD (decliners), and 37 who remained cognitively stable (controls) over at least 2 years. Participants were tested on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning Test in English or Spanish as part of an annual neuropsychological evaluation. Results: Compared to controls, decliners exhibited significantly reduced recall including reduced primacy scores (i.e., items recalled from the first three list items on Trial 1), whereas recency scores (i.e., items recalled from the last 3 list items on Trial 1) were equivalent in decliners and controls. Further analyses suggested that the sensitivity of the primacy effect to preclinical AD was initially stronger in participants tested in Spanish, a surprising finding given that the CERAD was developed for English speakers. However, in the subsequent year of testing, primacy scores declined to the same level regardless of language of testing. Conclusions: Several list learning measures may facilitate early diagnosis of AD in Spanish–English bilinguals, possibly including the relatively understudied primacy effect. Additional studies are needed to investigate the possibility that linguistic or demographic variables might modulate sensitivity of list learning tests to preclinical AD, which could lead to broader improvements in their utility for early diagnosis of AD in all populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Spanish–English bilinguals

Mizrahi

Cromheecke

Salmon

et al. 2023

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…Cognitive tests were selected based on use in other population-based samples and/or appropriateness for the Hispanic and Latino population . Cognitive measures at visit 2 included learning and memory (Brief-Spanish English Verbal Learning Test [B-SEVLT] Sum of Trials and Delayed Recall), processing speed (Digit-Symbol Substitution [DSS] and Trails Making Test–Trail A), executive functioning (Trails Making Test–Trail B), and phonemic word fluency . Higher scores on Trails A and B reflect slower performance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hearing Loss and Associated 7-Year Cognitive Outcomes Among Hispanic and Latino Adults

Stickel,

Mendoza,

Tarraf

et al. 2024

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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ImportanceHearing loss appears to have adverse effects on cognition and increases risk for cognitive impairment. These associations have not been thoroughly investigated in the Hispanic and Latino population, which faces hearing health disparities.ObjectiveTo examine associations between hearing loss with 7-year cognitive change and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prevalence among a diverse cohort of Hispanic/Latino adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from a large community health survey of Hispanic Latino adults in 4 major US cities. Eligible participants were aged 50 years or older at their second visit to study field centers. Cognitive data were collected at visit 1 and visit 2, an average of 7 years later. Data were last analyzed between September 2023 and January 2024.ExposureHearing loss at visit 1 was defined as a pure-tone average (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) greater than 25 dB hearing loss in the better ear.Main outcomes and measuresCognitive data were collected at visit 1 and visit 2, an average of 7 years later and included measures of episodic learning and memory (the Brief-Spanish English Verbal Learning Test Sum of Trials and Delayed Recall), verbal fluency (word fluency—phonemic fluency), executive functioning (Trails Making Test–Trail B), and processing speed (Digit-Symbol Substitution, Trails Making Test–Trail A). MCI at visit 2 was defined using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer Association criteria.ResultsA total of 6113 Hispanic Latino adults were included (mean [SD] age, 56.4 [8.1] years; 3919 women [64.1%]). Hearing loss at visit 1 was associated with worse cognitive performance at 7-year follow-up (global cognition: β = −0.11 [95% CI, −0.18 to −0.05]), equivalent to 4.6 years of aging and greater adverse change (slowing) in processing speed (β = −0.12 [95% CI, −0.23 to −0.003]) equivalent to 5.4 years of cognitive change due to aging. There were no associations with MCI.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings of this cohort study suggest that hearing loss decreases cognitive performance and increases rate of adverse change in processing speed. These findings underscore the need to prevent, assess, and treat hearing loss in the Hispanic and Latino community.

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“…A similar dashboard has been published using norms from other tests available through HCHS/SOL. 33 The dashboard allows users to generate raw score predictions based on individual profiles of interest (e.g., predicted score for a 62‐year‐old, Dominican‐origin male, with 6 years of education, and Spanish language preference) based on models fit to several groups: (1) the overall population, (2) no stroke or TIA at visit 1 and visit 2, (3) no stroke or TIA and CN (i.e., individuals free of stroke or TIA at visit 1 and visit 2 and a score of ≥ 5 in the SIS), (4) low mental status (SIS score of ≤ 4), and (5) typical mental status (SIS score of ≥ 5). Dashboard users can use observed raw individual scores of hypothetical individuals relative to the normative distribution (standardized z scores; SS) given their model expected value.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA)

Morlett Paredes,

Tarraf,

Gonzalez

et al. 2024

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

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INTRODUCTIONExecutive functioning and processing speed are crucial elements of neuropsychological assessment. To meet the needs of the Hispanic/Latino population, we aimed to provide normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) test.METHODSThe target population for the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging included six heritage backgrounds (n = 6177). Average age was 63.4 ± 8.3 years, 54.5% were female, and mean education was 11.0 ± 4.7 years. Participants were administered the DSS as part of a larger battery. Heritage‐adjusted DSS scores, and percentile cut‐points were created using survey‐adjusted regression and quantile regression models.RESULTSAge, education, sex, heritage, and language preference were associated with DSS scores.DISCUSSIONSignificant correlates of DSS performance should be considered when evaluating cognitive performance. Representative DSS norms for Hispanics/Latinos will advance assessment and accuracy of neurocognitive disorder diagnosis in clinical practice. To facilitate interpretation, we provide norms to reduce test biases and developed an online dashboard.HighlightsNormative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA) This study is the first to develop norms for the DSS test across four regions of the United States. Factors such as age, education, sex, and Hispanic/Latino heritage and language preference are associated with differences in executive functioning and information processing speed. We created norms and an online dashboard (https://solincalab.shinyapps.io/dsst_shiny/) providing an easily accessible tool to evaluate processing speed and executive functioning in Hispanic/Latino adults.

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Normative data for the Brief Spanish‐English Verbal Learning Test for representative and diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Spanish–English bilinguals

Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Spanish–English bilinguals

Hearing Loss and Associated 7-Year Cognitive Outcomes Among Hispanic and Latino Adults

Normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA)

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