Normative data for healthy adult performance on the Egyptian–Arabic Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III

A model of cognitive evaluation battery for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in educated and illiterate Egyptian elderly people

“…Egypt's population alone makes up 23.6% of the Arabic-speaking population, and although Arabic is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the world [21], the availability of standardized neuropsychological tests in Arabic is scarce. This gives rise to the need of developing valid neuropsychological tests for these populations [22]. MMSE, MOCA, Wechsler memory scale, and Addenbrooke's cognitive examination are available in Arabic; however, MMSE does not assess executive function and other tests are not suitable for illiterates.…”

Validation of the Portuguese version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in mild cognitive impairment and dementia

“…7 To date, several ACE-III validation and normative studies have been published and translated into several languages, including Portuguese. [7][8][9][10] However, there is a need to further determine the validity of the test in different clinical populations and to compare it with other tests. 7,10,11 This study aims to determine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of ACE-III, namely: reliability and discriminant validity (sensitivity and specificity) in the identification of MCI and dementia, in comparison to other neuropsychological screening tests, as well as to establish its concurrent and divergent validity.…”

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III: Psychometric Characteristics and Relations to Functional Ability in Dementia

“…Our control group was highly educated, with 70% of participants reporting more than 12 years of education, compared to 28% reported in the general Australian adult population over 65 years of age (ABS, 2012), and demonstrated significantly higher years of education than the dementia group. This is relevant as positive correlations between ACE-III performance and education have been reported (Jubb & Evans, 2015;Matías-Guiu et al, 2016;Qassem et al, 2015). To this point, it is possible that our highly educated control group inflated the specificity and positive predictive values in Study 2 and, therefore, false positives could occur when clinicians use our revised recommended lower bound cutoff ACE-III score of 84/100 (compared with 82) in healthy individuals with less than 12 years of education.…”