Normative and Equated Data of the Original and Basic Versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment among Community Dwelling Saudi Arabians

Abstract

Introduction. Currently, there are standard and basic versions of the MoCA, the latter designed for those with lower educational achievements. Community-based normative data on these versions of the MoCA from Arabic populations are deficient, and there is little data demonstrating how both scales perform in comparison. We aim to obtain normative performances from both versions and equate the measures of both scales. Methods. Community-based recruitment of healthy volunteers ≥ 18 years of age. Participants underwent testing with both versions. Demographic data was collected with regard to age, gender, years of education, diabetes, and hypertension. Regression analysis was performed to determine significance of variables, and the circle-arc equating method was used to equate the two scores from each scale. Results. 311 participants were included in the study. The mean (sd) age was 45.8 (15.96), females were 184 (59.16%), and the duration of education was 12.7 (5.67) years. The mean scores on the MoCA-A and MoCA-B were 21.47 (4.53) and 24.37 (4.71) ( P < 0.0001 ), respectively. Multivariate regression showed significance of age and years of education in both versions (both variables with P < 0.0001 ). Correlation coefficient between the two scales was 0.77 ( P < 0.0001 ). The largest equated difference between both MoCA versions was four points in those scoring from 10-20 on the MoCA-A. Conclusion. We present normative data from a large Saudi Arabian community-based sample with two different MoCA tests, and an equating graph is presented to determine the corresponding expected performance between the two scales.

The future of alzheimer disease immunotherapies in Saudi Arabia: Consensus statement of the Saudi Chapter of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology

“…25 Initial key work has been published documenting use in Saudi individuals of the MMSE, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Bristol activity of daily living scale, and the NPI in Saudi individuals. [25][26][27][28] The Arabic version of the battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was validated in older Omanis. 29 Some additional tools, including the CDR and the ADAS-Cog, were validated in other Arab countries.…”

Cognitive decline assessment in speakers of understudied languages

“…45,52,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73] Likewise, some studies relied on piloting on an independent sample to evaluate the quality of the translation. 20,46,49,52,68,69,72,74 Last but not least, the main limitations…”

“…A total of 80 classic neuropsychological tests, batteries, scales, and questionnaires were used in this literature (see Table 3 for a full list), with the most frequent five tests being MoCA, MMSE, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised, Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis, and ACE‐III. By far, Arabic versions of MoCA and MMSE are the most used tests in the MENA region ( n = 10 21 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ), ( n = 8 20 , 45 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ), respectively. Interestingly, one study introduced the first Arabic memory test, The Verbal Memory Arabic Test.…”

Performance of dialysis patients on the standard and basic Arabic versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessments

“…Considering that various cutoffs for impairment have been proposed in the literature, 6,9,25,[27][28][29][30] and considering the absence of validated cutoffs in the Saudi population, it was determined to analyze the total MoCA score results as a continuous variable for the primary analysis. To provide the reader with a comparison to other work on the topic, we identified four potential cutoffs, determined by reviewing the literature, at 26, 24, 22, and 20 out of 30 for both scales, 6,27,30,31 and the prevalence of impairment according to each cutoff was estimated. The study was approved by the internal review board at the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and all patients provided informed consent.…”