Normalization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in Polish population. A prospective, quantified electroencephalography study

Koziarska, Dorota; Kotarska, Katarzyna; Nowacki, Przemysław; Milkiewicz, Piotr

doi:10.1111/liv.12194

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…EEG records showed that 64.7% of the patients had no slow waves, 23.5% showed theta waves, 9.8% showed delta waves, while no patients showed triphasic waves. These results are in agreement with those of Wunsch et al [16] who had studied 50 patients with cirrhosis without OHE. PHES had a sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 97% to diagnose MHE.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Electroencephalography Versus Psychometric Tests in Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

2016

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Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patients with liver cirrhosis is defined by the presence of otherwise unexplained cognitive abnormalities, only detectable on psychometric or neurophysiological testing, in the absence of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). The objectives were to study the incidence of MHE in patients with liver cirrhosis, and to compare the sensitivity of the electroencephalography (EEG) versus psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) in its diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Electroencephalography Versus Psychometric Tests in Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

2016

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“…This simplification was possible because of the relevant ceiling effects concerning education (which significantly influenced the results only in very poorly educated subjects) and age (which significantly influenced the results only in significantly aged people). This simplified adjustment of the ANT 1 (S‐ANT 1 ) avoids the complex standardization systems that are usually required for psychometric testing . This procedure produced a very simple classification system in which the person using the test is required to remember only the easy values of 10 and 15 to score the test, as well as a simple procedure to produce the equivalent score (add three animals for individuals with less than 8 years of education and six animals if they were, in addition, over the age of 80 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The animal naming test: An easy tool for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy

Campagna¹,

Montagnese²,

Ridola³

et al. 2017

Hepatology

142

127

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“…This was not ideal as thresholds which apply in one population do not necessarily apply in others (Amodio et al 1996). However, normative reference data are now available in Italy (Amodio et al 2008); Spain (Romero Gómez et al 2006); the United Kingdom (Marks et al 2008); Poland (Wunsch et al 2013); South Korea (Seo et al 2012); and Mexico (Duarte-Rojo et al 2011); in addition, the PHES battery has been adapted and validated for use in India by replacing the Number Connection Test B with Figure Connection Test A to overcome possible unfamiliarity with the English alphabet (Kurmi et al 2008).…”

Section: Requirements For Normative Reference Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy

et al. 2015

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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is the term applied to the neuropsychiatric status of patients with cirrhosis who are unimpaired on clinical examination but show alterations in neuropsychological tests exploring psychomotor speed/executive function and/or in neurophysiological variables. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of this syndrome. As these patients have, by definition, no recognizable clinical features of brain dysfunction, the primary prerequisite for the diagnosis is careful exclusion of clinical symptoms and signs. A large number of psychometric tests/test systems have been evaluated in this patient group. Of these the best known and validated is the Portal Systemic Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) derived from a test battery of five paper and pencil tests; normative reference data are available in several countries. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy since the 1950s but, once popular, the technology is not as accessible now as it once was. The performance characteristics of the EEG are critically dependent on the type of analysis undertaken; spectral analysis has better performance characteristics than visual analysis; evolving analytical techniques may provide better diagnostic information while the advent of portable wireless headsets may facilitate more widespread use. A large number of other diagnostic tools have been validated for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy including Critical Flicker Frequency, the Inhibitory Control Test, the Stroop test, the Scan package and the Continuous Reaction Time; each has its pros and cons; strengths and weaknesses; protagonists and detractors. Recent AASLD/EASL Practice Guidelines suggest that the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy should be based on the PHES test together with one of the validated alternative techniques or the EEG. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy has a detrimental effect on the well-being of patients and their care-givers. It responds well to treatment with resolution of test abnormalities and the associated detrimental effects on quality of life, liver-related mortality and morbidity. Patients will only benefit in this way if they can be effectively diagnosed. Corporate efforts and consensus agreements are needed to develop effective diagnostic algorithms.

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Normalization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in Polish population. A prospective, quantified electroencephalography study

Abstract: Valid Polish PHES normograms, which incorporates w-LTT scoring system have been developed. Future multi-centre international studies are needed to validate widely applicable norms.

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Electroencephalography Versus Psychometric Tests in Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

Electroencephalography Versus Psychometric Tests in Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

The animal naming test: An easy tool for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy

Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy

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