Normal Viral and Bacterial Flora of the Human Small and Large Intestine

Kalser, Martin H.; Cohen, R; Arteaga, Ingrid; Yawn, E.; Mayoral, Luis Guillermo; Hoffert, W. R.; Frazier, D.

doi:10.1056/nejm196603032740907

Cited by 91 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…perfringen8). The prominence of bacteroides, streptococci and enterobacteria in this group of babies is similar to that found in the normal bacterial population of the terminal small intestine in adults (Drasar & Hill, 1974;Kalser et al 1966). The anaerobes were isolated less frequently than aerobes in these babies and this agrees with the results of previous studies of ileostomy contents in adults (Finegold et al 1970;Gorbach et al 1967).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract

Rotimi

Duerden

1982

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe development ofthe bacterial flora ofneonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied in 31 infants during the first 10 days of life. Specimens were collected from the umbilicus, mouth and gastro-intestinal tract on the pre-operative day, at operation and on post-operative days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Bacteria were isolated semi-quantitatively on a variety of plain and selective media and identified by conventional methods.Staphylococcus albus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was recovered from 24 of the 31 babies. The viridans group of streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius were the commonest species isolated from the mouth; there were no differences between the babies with different abnormalities and treatment with antibiotics had no effect on the bacterial flora. Ten babies were colonized by each species on the pre-operative day, and 25 and 19 respectively by the tenth post-operative day. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci were the predominant oral anaerobes. Bacteria were not isolated from the rectal swabs of babies with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) or small bowel atresia on the pre-operative days. Post

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract

Rotimi

Duerden

1982

J. Hyg.

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“…Studies indicate that the absence of bile salts and IgA in the intestine leads to changes in the bacterial flora that colonize the small intestine. Under normal circumstances, colonization of the duodenum and jejunum with coliforms is limited (33,34), but this has been shown to change in studies of bile-duct-ligated rats, indicating a shift in the small bowel flora with Escherichia coli predominating (35). In addition to the change in the bacterial flora of the duodenum, intestinal bacteria are more likely to translocate in rodents with ligated bile ducts (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The change in microorganisms reproducing in bile and blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility over the years

Suna

Yıldız²,

Yüksel³

et al. 2014

Turk J Gastroenterol

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Background/Aims: Infection in the bile tract is a major cause of bacteremia and is related to high morbidity and mortality. We examined the changes in bacteria types and antibiotic susceptibility in bile cultures and simultaneous blood cultures taken from patients who applied for endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP)/ percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) for different bile duct diseases in recent years. Materials and Methods: Bacteria types that reproduce in bile and blood cultures from patients who applied for ERCP/PTC between the years of 2007 and 2012 in our clinic were examined. All patients were evaluated together, and in addition, the periods between 2007 and 2009 (Group 1) and between 2010 and 2012 (Group 2) were compared. Results: In total, 550 patients applied to this study. There were 266 patients in Group 1 and 284 in Group 2. Reproduction occurred in 77.6% of bile cultures. In the order of frequency, these cultures consisted of Escherichia coli (32.8%), Enterococcus spp. (26.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%). Enterococcus spp. were determined to be higher in Group 2 than Group 1 (p<0.016). Resistance to quinolones was found in 74.1% of patients, to ampicillin in 73.2%, and to cephalosporins in an average of 61%. Vancomycin was the most susceptible antibiotic (93.4%) to gram-positives. Resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin was higher in Group 2 than Group 1 (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion:The most frequently reproducing bacteria in the bile cultures evaluated in our hospital were Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Although it was thought that the antibiotics given empirically were effective against these bacteria, there was resistancerate of 75% in our study. We determined that the first-and second-step treatment protocols must be updated.

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“…There have been few advances in collection methods since then; however, there have been some improvements in cultivation techniques and the use of genetic probes for identification of the microorganism. 7 Over the last 20 years, there has been an increased interest in the study of the microbiota and their role in diseases of the digestive system including neoplasias, 8,9 intestinal inflammatory disease, 10,11 diarrhea associated with antibiotic use, [12][13][14] and bacterial translocation. 15,16 However, one of the difficulties in performing conclusive repeatable studies has always been the lack of a standard collection method that can be used to establish a uniform control group of healthy individuals against which the different diseases could be compared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive Tract Microbiota in Healthy Volunteers

Zilberstein

Quintanilha

Santos

et al. 2007

Clinics

136

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PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to standardize the methods of sample collection of mucus from the digestive tract and to determine the microbiota in healthy volunteers from Brazil, collecting samples from the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum. METHODS: Microbiota of selected healthy volunteers from the oral cavity (n=10), the esophagus (n=10), the upper digestive tract (n=20), and the lower digestive tract (n=24) were evaluated through distinct collection methods. Collection methods took into account the different sites, using basic scraping and swabbing techniques, stimulated saliva from the oral cavity, irrigationaspiration with sterile catheters especially designed for the esophagus, a probe especially designed for upper digestive tract, and a special catheter for the lower digestive tract. RESULTS: (i) Mixed microbiota were identified in the oral cavity, predominantly Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic cocci; (ii) transitional flora mainly in the esophagus; (iii) Veillonella sp, Lactobacillus sp, and Clostridium sp in the stomach and duodenum; (iv) in the jejunum and upper ileum, we observed Bacteroides sp, Proteus sp, and Staphylococcus sp, in addition to Veillonella sp; (v) in the colon, the presence of "nonpathogenic" anaerobic bacteria Veillonella sp (average 10 5 UFC) indicates the existence of a low oxidation-reduction potential environment, which suggests the possibility of adoption of these bacteria as biological markers of total digestive tract health. CONCLUSIONS: The collection methods were efficient in obtaining adequate samples from each segment of the total digestive tract to reveal the normal microbiota. These procedures are safe and easily reproducible for microbiological studies.

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Normal Viral and Bacterial Flora of the Human Small and Large Intestine

Cited by 91 publications

References 9 publications

The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract

The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract

The change in microorganisms reproducing in bile and blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility over the years

Digestive Tract Microbiota in Healthy Volunteers

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