Normal vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the rhesus macaque (<i>Macacca mulatta</i>)

Doyle, Laurie; Young, Cynthia L.; Jang, Spencer S.; Hillier, Sharon L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00561.x

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Of the bacteria cultured, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common aerobic isolate cultured from head implant wells and margins, followed by Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Enterococcus spp. These bacteria are considered normal flora in rhesus macaques and are easily cultured from skin, nasal, oral, rectal, and/or vaginal swabs 19,24,73,77 and swabs of cranial implant margins. 10,51,52,88 Streptococcus equisimilis, isolated from one subject, is rarely reported in rhesus macaques 24 and appears to be transmitted to animals by people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These bacteria are considered normal flora in rhesus macaques and are easily cultured from skin, nasal, oral, rectal, and/or vaginal swabs 19,24,73,77 and swabs of cranial implant margins. 10,51,52,88 Streptococcus equisimilis, isolated from one subject, is rarely reported in rhesus macaques 24 and appears to be transmitted to animals by people. 33 In one study, C. ulcerans was collected from the oropharyngeal region of a rhesus macaque, but as this animal was cranially implanted, it was doubtful that this was normal flora.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterioides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Porphyromonas spp. have been cultured from vaginal swabs in healthy rhesus females 24 and have also been isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy people. 62,63,86 Eubacterium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hematology and Culture Assessment of Cranially Implanted Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2021

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The use of percutaneous cranial implants in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has long been a valuable tool for neuroscienceresearch. However, when treating and assessing these animals, veterinarians are required to make assumptions aboutdiagnostic results due to a lack of research into how these implants affect physiology. Microbial cultures of cranial implant sites show an abundance of colonizing bacteria, but whether these microbes affect animal health and wellbeing is poorly understood. In addition, microbial antibiotic resistance can present significant health concerns for both the animals and the researchers. To help elucidate the relationship between percutaneous cranial implants and blood parameters, complete blood cell counts and serum chemistry results were assessed on 57 nonhuman primates at our institution from September 2001 toMarch 2017. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare the results before and after an animal’s first implantsurgery. This modelling showed that cranial implants were a significant predictor of alterations in the number of neutrophils,lymphocytes, and red blood cells, and in the concentration of hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus,total protein, albumin, and globulin. Anaerobic and aerobic bacterial cultures were performed to identify bacteria associated with cranial implants. Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterium spp. comprised the majority of the aerobic bacterial isolates, while Fusobacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp. and Bacterioides fragilis comprised the majority of anaerobic bacterial isolates. Using a Pearson r correlation for statistical analysis, we assessed whether any of thesebacterial isolates developed antibiotic resistances over time. Cefazolin, the most frequently used antibiotic in monkeys inthis study, was the only antimicrobial out of 41 agents tested to which bacteria developed resistance over time. These resultsindicate that percutaneous implants are associated with a generalized inflammatory state, multiple bacterial species are present at the implant site, and these bacteria may contribute to the inflammatory response

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hematology and Culture Assessment of Cranially Implanted Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2021

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Mobiluncus

Hoyles¹,

McCartney²

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Mo.bi.lun'cus. L. adj. mobilis capable of movement, active; L. masc. n. uncus hook; N.L. masc. n. Mobiluncus a motile curved rod. Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Mobiluncus Curved rods with tapered ends, 1–5 × 0.4–0.6 µm. Depending on the growth medium, cells occur singly or in pairs with a gullwing appearance. Gram‐stain‐negative or Gram‐stain‐variable . Cells are motile by means of multiple subpolar flagella (exact numbers are yet to be determined, but are thought to be between one and eight), and possess a multi‐layered Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall type. Endospores are not formed . Anaerobic , growing best in an enriched CO 2 atmosphere. Some strains become aerotolerant after several passages, being able to grow in a partially reduced atmosphere containing 5% O 2 . Optimum growth at 35–37°C, with no or poor growth at 20, 43, or 45°C. Growth is stimulated by horse or rabbit serum and by whole blood. Growth is not stimulated by formate/fumarate. Slow growth on solid media. After 3 d incubation at 37°C, colonies on peptone/yeast extract/glucose/sheep blood or Columbia agar supplemented with human blood are pin‐point to 1 mm in diameter. After 5 d, the colonies are larger, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, and gray‐white or slightly yellowish. Cells are killed by heating at 55°C for 15 minutes. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative. Weakly (terminal pH 5.5–6.5) or strongly (terminal pH <5.5) saccharolytic. Fermentation products include acetic and succinic acids, with or without lactic acid, when grown in peptone/yeast extract/glucose medium. Propionic acid is not produced. Do not produce acid from L ‐arabinose, D ‐arabitol, lactose, mannitol, methyl‐β‐ D ‐galactopyranoside, or sorbitol. Negative for alkaline phosphatase, α‐arabinosidase, chymotrypsin, β‐galactosidase‐6‐phosphate, β‐glucosidase, trypsin, and urease (RapID 32Strep), cysteine arylamidase, lipase (C14), α‐mannosidase, β‐mannosidase, N ‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid, and valine arylamidase activity. Variable activity for phenylalanine arylamidase (weak‐ to strong‐positive reaction). Acid phosphatase‐ and pyrollydonyl arylamidase‐negative. Acetoin is not produced . Gelatin is not hydrolyzed. Nitrate may be reduced . Sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, moxalactam, penicillin G, rifampin, streptomycin, tobramycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. Resistant to colistin, cycloserine, nalidixic acid, neomycin, and mezlocillin. Associated with the human vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV). DNA G+C content (mol%) : 49–52 ( T m ; Spiegel and Roberts, 1984a); 50–54 ( T m ; Hammann et al., 1984). Type species : Mobiluncus curtisii Spiegel and Roberts 1984a, 181 VP .

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