We report on a contrasting behavior of the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetoresistance (MR) in heavily underdoped antiferromagnetic (AF) YBa2Cu3O6+x (x≤0.37). The out-of-plane MR (I c) is positive over most of the temperature range and shows a sharp increase, by about two orders of magnitude, upon cooling through the Néel temperature TN . A contribution associated with the AF correlations is found to dominate the out-of-plane MR behavior for H c from far above TN , pointing to the key role of spin fluctuations in the out-of-plane transport. In contrast, the transverse in-plane MR (I a(b); H c) appears to be small and smooth through TN , implying that the development of the AF order has little effect on the in-plane resistivity. 74.25.Fy, 74.20.Mn, 74.72.Bk High-T c superconductivity (SC) in cuprates occurs as a crossover phenomenon in the doping range between an antiferromagnetic (AF) insulator and a Fermi-liquid metal state. While the hole (electron) doping destroys the long-range AF order in the CuO 2 planes, short-range AF correlations persist well into the superconducting compositions [1], and thus it is likely that the interplay of the doped carriers with the AF correlations underlies the physics of cuprates in a wide range of carrier concentrations [2][3][4].In order to clarify the role of the magnetic interactions in cuprates one may study the temperature and doping regions which are peculiar for the spin subsystem. So far, a crossover at a temperature T * corresponding to the formation of a pseudogap in the spin and charge excitation spectra has attracted most attention. An additional decrease in the in-plane resistivity ρ ab below T * observed in underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x (Y-123) and in YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 (Y-124) suggests the possibility that the in-plane transport is determined to a large extent by the spin scattering [5,6]. The pseudogap (or spin gap) was also employed to explain both the activated behavior of the out-of-plane resistivity ρ c (T ) and the negative out-of-plane magnetoresistance (MR) in Y-123 and Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 [7,8].The vicinity of the Néel transition is another peculiar region for the spin subsystem besides the crossover at T * . The dynamic AF correlations developed in the CuO 2 planes evolve into the long-range AF order upon crossing the Néel temperature T N [1], and one can expect some singular behavior to show up in the properties governed by the the magnetic interactions. A magnetotransport study in the vicinity of T N is therefore an attractive possibility to clarify the role of spin degrees of freedom in the peculiar electron transport.In this Letter, we present a study of the in-plane and out-of-plane MR of heavily underdoped antiferromagnetic Y-123 crystals, supplemented by measurements of the Lu-123 crystal used earlier for the study of the phase diagram [9]. We find that the out-of-plane MR undergoes a drastic change in the vicinity of the Néel temperature, increasing by about two orders of magnitude with a transition into the AF state. At the same time, quite unexp...