Normal pio-dural arterial connections

Bhogal, Pervinder; Makalanda, Hegoda Levansri Dilrukshan; Brouwer, Patrick A.; Gontu, Vamsi; Rodesch, Georges; Mercier, Philippe; Söderman, Michael

doi:10.1177/1591019915609137

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The middle meningeal arteries, on the other hand, arise from the maxillary artery, and the posterior meningeal arteries arise from the occipital and vertebral arteries (11). There is also blood supply to the dura mater from the aforementioned pial vessels, which include olfactory branches and pericallosal branches, the anterior falcine artery, the medial dural tentorial branch, the subarcuate artery, and the posterior meningeal artery (21). The arachnoid and pia mater are relatively avascular when compared with the dura mater (16).…”

Section: Neuroanatomical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system

2019

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Barriers between circulation and the central nervous system (CNS) play a key role in the development and modulation of CNS immune responses. Structural variations in the vasculature traversing different anatomical regions within the CNS strongly influence where and how CNS immune responses first develop. Here, we provide an overview of cerebrovascular anatomy, focusing on the blood-CNS interface and how anatomical variations influence steady-state immunology in the compartment. We then discuss how CNS vasculature is affected by and influences the development of different pathophysiological states, such as CNS autoimmune disease, cerebrovascular injury, cerebral ischemia, and infection.Arterial blood enters the cranial cavity, primarily through two sets of blood vessels: the internal carotid arteries, which give rise to anterior brain circulation, and the vertebral arteries, which give rise to posterior circulation. These are interconnected through the circle of Willis located in subarachnoid cisterns at the base of the brain (11). The circle of Willis allows any one of these four vessels to take over brain perfusion and provides a protective mechanism against ischemia. The internal carotid arteries supply the cerebrum, whereas the vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery that supplies the brainstem and cerebellum. Second-order branches form vessels that traverse the subarachnoid space and pia mater, giving rise to smaller arterioles ( Fig. 1) that enter the brain parenchyma ( Fig. 1A) (12). These penetrating vessels are surrounded by perivascular spaces that can vary in size. For example, in the cortex, a packed barrier of endothelial cells, basement membrane, and glia limitans surrounds penetrating arteries, leaving little to no fluid-filled space, whereas the lenticulostriate branches in the basal ganglia are surrounded by a larger perivascular space (13). Pia mater covers all arteries in the subarachnoid space, whereas coverage of veins is incomplete. In addition, the fluid in perivascular spaces can move directly into the subarachnoid space through fenestrations in the pia mater ( Fig. 1A) (14). This allows direct communication between perivascular, subpial, and subarachnoid spaces. The communication of the perivascular compartment with the subarachnoid space plays an important role in antigen presentation, which will be described in more detail below. Venous drainage in the CNS occurs through an interconnected system of valveless veins and dural sinuses. Postcapillary venules in the CNS parenchyma drain capillaries and are surrounded by fluidfilled perivascular spaces (Figs. 1, A and B, and 2) (15). They connect into a deep and superficial venous system. Deep venous drainage occurs through the subependymal veins, internal cerebral veins, basal vein, and the great vein of Galen, which connect into the straight sinus beneath the brain. Superficial drainage occurs through cortical veins in the pia mater that drain into the dural sinuses. The venous system ultimately drains into the jugular veins or pt...

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Section: Neuroanatomical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system

2019

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“…Arachnoid separates easily from the inner aspect of the dura over most of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in humans during surgical operations and at post-mortem. The only regions of adherence are where cortical veins join venous sinuses in the dura and where a small number of vascular bundles containing arteries and veins cross the subarachnoid and subdural spaces from the surface of the brain to the dura [11]. Such vascular bundles are mainly in the temporal regions and in the posterior fossa.…”

Section: Dura Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

et al. 2018

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Meninges that surround the CNS consist of an outer fibrous sheet of dura mater (pachymeninx) that is also the inner periosteum of the skull. Underlying the dura are the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) that form the boundaries of the subarachnoid space. In this review we (1) examine the development of leptomeninges and their role as barriers and facilitators in the foetal CNS. There are two separate CSF systems during early foetal life, inner CSF in the ventricles and outer CSF in the subarachnoid space. As the foramina of Magendi and Luschka develop, one continuous CSF system evolves. Due to the lack of arachnoid granulations during foetal life, it is most likely that CSF is eliminated by lymphatic drainage pathways passing through the cribriform plate and nasal submucosa. (2) We then review the fine structure of the adult human and rodent leptomeninges to establish their roles as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens. Leptomeningeal cells line CSF spaces, including arachnoid granulations and lymphatic drainage pathways, and separate elements of extracellular matrix from the CSF. The leptomeningeal lining facilitates the traffic of inflammatory cells within CSF but also allows attachment of bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and of tumour cells as CSF metastases. Single layers of leptomeningeal cells extend into the brain closely associated with the walls of arteries so that there are no perivascular spaces around arteries in the cerebral cortex. Perivascular spaces surrounding arteries in the white matter and basal ganglia relate to their two encompassing layers of leptomeninges. (3) Finally we examine the roles of ligands expressed by leptomeningeal cells for the attachment of inflammatory cells, bacteria and tumour cells as understanding these roles may aid the design of therapeutic strategies to manage developmental, autoimmune, infectious and neoplastic diseases relating to the CSF, the leptomeninges and the associated CNS.

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“…Appreciation of the specific vascular anatomy should be noted, and care must be taken to avoid non-target embolization in these unique cases. 45…”

Section: Dural-pial Autosynangiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization

Shapiro

Walker

Carroll

et al. 2021

J NeuroIntervent Surg

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Adoption of middle meningeal artery embolization in the management of chronic subdural hematomas has led to a renewed interest in dural vascular anatomy. The readily identifiable major dural arteries and potential hazards associated with their embolization are well described. Less emphasized are several levels of intrinsic dural angioarchitecture, despite their more direct relationship to dural based diseases, such as subdural hematoma and dural fistula. Fortunately, microvascular aspects of dural anatomy, previously limited to ex vivo investigations, are becoming increasingly accessible to in vivo visualization, setting the stage for synthesis of the old and the new, and providing a rationale for the endovascular approach to subdural collections in particular. In contrast with traditional anatomical didactics, where descriptions advance from larger trunks to smaller pedicles, we present a strategic approach that proceeds from a fundamental understanding of the dural microvasculature and its relationship to larger vessels.

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Normal pio-dural arterial connections

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system

The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

Neuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization

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