Normal Perceptual Sensitivity Arising From Weakly Reflective Cone Photoreceptors

Bruce, Kady S; Harmening, Wolf M.; Langston, Bradley R.; Tuten, William S.; Roorda, Austin; Sincich, Lawrence C.

doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16547

Cited by 62 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In addition to their number and position, one of the most noticeable features of the photoreceptors is the spatial variability of their reflectance, which has been clearly detected with all AO imaging modalities [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. From early observations, it has been shown that the cones change their reflectance with time even in healthy retinas [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Mariotti¹,

Devaney²,

Lombardo³

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Abstract:Although there is increasing interest in the investigation of cone reflectance variability, little is understood about its characteristics over long time scales. Cone detection and its automation is now becoming a fundamental step in the assessment and monitoring of the health of the retina and in the understanding of the photoreceptor physiology. In this work we provide an insight into the cone reflectance variability over time scales ranging from minutes to three years on the same eye, and for large areas of the retina (≥ 2.0 × 2.0 degrees) at two different retinal eccentricities using a commercial adaptive optics (AO) flood illumination retinal camera. We observed that the difference in reflectance observed in the cones increases with the time separation between the data acquisitions and this may have a negative impact on algorithms attempting to track cones over time. In addition, we determined that displacements of the light source within 0.35 mm of the pupil center, which is the farthest location from the pupil center used by operators of the AO camera to acquire high-quality images of the cone mosaic in clinical studies, does not significantly affect the cone detection and density estimation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that the changes in reflectance occur independently between the cones [9] and that the cones change their brightness on time scales ranging from milliseconds [10,17] and seconds [11,15,16] to hours [9,12,13], days [14], months or years [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Mariotti¹,

Devaney²,

Lombardo³

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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show abstract

“…This background light set fundamental limits to experimental designs. For example, single cone sensitivity thresholds are necessarily reported as thresholds to light increments [6,15,17]. In a study of single cone color appearance, background light options were limited, requiring high intensity fields to mask the residual background of the stimulus light [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In clinical applications, the higher dynamic range of stimulus lights will enable dark adapted vision-as well as rod function testing. Rod function testing is of importance for clinically oriented visual testing [15,31,32], especially with regard to retinal diseases affecting mesopic and scotopic vision, where early signs of the disease is most likely found in reduced rod function [33,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, we tested if cascaded AOM switching can produce small spot visual stimuli with light levels that can be directly compared to prior studies that used single AOM switching [6,[15][16][17]. We recorded sensitivity thresholds for 3 and 10 pixel square stimuli (1.21 µm and 4.35 µm on the retina, respectively) against a visible 840 nm imaging raster, which effectively masked the 543 nm background.…”

Section: Psychophysics: Background Extinction and Small Spot Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Domdei¹,

Domdei²,

Reiniger³

et al. 2017

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Due to the enormous dynamic range of human photoreceptors in response to light, studying their visual function in the intact retina challenges the stimulation hardware, specifically with regard to the displayable luminance contrast. The adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) is an optical platform that focuses light to extremely small retinal extents, approaching the size of single photoreceptor cells. However, the current light modulation techniques produce spurious visible backgrounds which fundamentally limit experimental options. To remove unwanted background light and to improve contrast for high dynamic range visual stimulation in an AOSLO, we cascaded two commercial fiber-coupled acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) and measured their combined optical contrast. By compensating for zero-point differences in the individual AOMs, we demonstrate a multiplicative extinction ratio in the cascade that was in accordance with the extinction ratios of both single AOMs. When latency differences in the AOM response functions were individually corrected, single switch events as short as 50 ns with radiant power contrasts up to 1:10 10 were achieved. This is the highest visual contrast reported for any display system so far. We show psychophysically that this contrast ratio is sufficient to stimulate single foveal photoreceptor cells with small and bright enough visible targets that do not contain a detectable background. Background-free stimulation will enable photoreceptor testing with custom adaptation lights. Furthermore, a larger dynamic range in displayable light levels can drive photoreceptor responses in cones as well as in rods.

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Adaptive Optics for Photoreceptor-Targeted Psychophysics

Harmening

Sincich

2019

High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology

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Normal Perceptual Sensitivity Arising From Weakly Reflective Cone Photoreceptors

Abstract: Low cone reflectance cannot be used as a reliable indicator of cone sensitivity to light in normal retinas. To improve assessment of early retinal pathology, other diagnostic criteria should be employed along with imaging and cone-based microperimetry.

Cited by 62 publications

References 50 publications

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Adaptive Optics for Photoreceptor-Targeted Psychophysics

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