Normal ovaries in neonates and infants: a sonographic study of 77 patients 1 day to 24 months old.

Cohen, Harris L.; Shapiro, M A; Mandel, Francine S.; Shapiro, Maren

doi:10.2214/ajr.160.3.8430559

Cited by 100 publications

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“…The dimensions of the ovary in female newborns are larger compared to the childhood (approximately 1 mL). The size of the ovary is measured to be 1 mL until the age of one and 0.67 mL in the second year (37). In 84% of the babies, follicles the diameters of which do not exceed 1 cm are found from the neonatal period to the age of 2 years.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Mini Pubertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Kurtoğlu

Baştuğ

2014

Turk Arch Ped

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Gonadotropins which are at high levels in the middle of the fetal life are considerably low in the cord blood and estrogen is measured to be high. The reason for this is the inhibitory effect of increased estrogen levels in the circulation arising from the placenta on gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator and pituitary gonadotropins (1, 2). In male fetuses, testosterone levels probably contribute additionally to inhibition (3). Gonadotropin inhibition discontinues with placental seperation, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated and the hormonal changes which occur are identified as mini puberty (2, 4). The activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis reach a peak level approximately in the 6-8th week after delivery. In this period, the levels of sex steroids are similar to early-middle pubertal levels, but their peripheral effects are not realized (4).In boys, the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) increases approximately 10-fold in the minutes following delivery and the level of tesosterone increases. This state lasts approximately for 12 hours (5, 6). The increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH continues in the second week after delivery, reaches a peak in the 4-10 th week, decreases in the 6 th month to the prepubertal levels. The level of testosterone increased by release of luteinizing hormone reaches a peak at around the third month and decreases to the prepubertal levels in the 6-9 th months (1,7,8). Similarly, the levels of 17-hydroxyprogesteron and androstenodione which are increased with testosterone decrease with reduction of the level of LH (2). After delivery, an increase in the number of Leydig cells starts. This increase reaches a peak in the third month. Afterwards, reduction and apopytosis occur in fetal and infantile Leydig cells (9-11). Inhibin-B is a glycoprotein belonging to the family of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and is released from Sertoli cells in the prepubertal period. It is considered an indicator of sertoli cell function in prepubertal male children, but it does not reflect the number and function of germ cells. Inhibin-B acts as a regulator of release of FSH (1). Inhibin-B can be measured in the cord blood, it increases after delivery, reaches a peak in the 4-12 th month (exceeds the male adult level). It is at a considerably low level at the age of 3-9 years and increases again with the initiation of the puberty (3, 7). Serum inhibin-B levels are low in cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (1, 12).Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein released from the sertoli cells starting from the fetal period. It is found in the cord blood and its level increases in the first 30 months after delivery. It reaches a peak in the 6 th month, starts to decrease Mini puberty and its interpretation AbstractGonadotropins which are high in the middle of the fetal life are measured to be considerably low in the cord blood and estrogen is found to be high in the cord blood. Gonodotropins are supressed by estrogen. After delivery,...

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Section: Evaluation Of Mini Pubertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Kurtoğlu

Baştuğ

2014

Turk Arch Ped

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“…This is due to endogenous oestrogen production and is associated with a temporary increase in ovarian follicular development [21,42]. Large ovarian follicles are seen more often during the 1st than the 2nd year of life [21,44]. In postmortem ovarian samples, the oestradiol content is higher during the first 6 months of life than in later infancy [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Infancy: Minipuberty

2014

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active in the midgestational foetus but silenced towards term because of the negative feedback effects mediated by the placental hormones. This restraint is removed at birth, leading to reactivation of the axis and an increase in gonadotrophin levels. Gonadotrophin levels are high during the first 3 months of life but decrease towards the age of 6 months except for FSH levels in girls that remain elevated until 3-4 years of age. After this, the HPG axis remains quiescent until puberty. The postnatal gonadotrophin surge results in gonadal activation in both sexes. In boys, testosterone levels rise to a peak at 1-3 months of age and then decline following LH levels. Postnatal HPG axis activation is associated with penile and testicular growth and therefore considered important for the development of male genitalia. In girls, elevated gonadotrophin levels result in the maturation of ovarian follicles and in an increase in oestradiol levels. Biological significance and possible long-term consequences of this minipuberty remain elusive, as do the mechanisms that silence the HPG axis until puberty. However, the first months of life provide a ‘window of opportunity' for functional studies of the HPG axis prior to pubertal development.

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“…Since the advent of routine antenatal sonography fetal ovarian cysts are detected more frequently [2] , and small physiological follicular cysts are present in 84% of normal neonatal ovaries [3] . Ovarian cysts develop from these follicles [4] and may remain simple or become complex, the latter being the result of torsion and/or haemorrhage [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Conservative Management of Prenatal and Neonatal Ovarian Cysts Justifiable?

Foley¹,

Ford²,

McEwing

et al. 2005

Fetal Diagn Ther

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Objectives: To evaluate conservative management of fetal and neonatal ovarian cysts. Methods: We followed the progress of 11 fetal and 2 neonatal ovarian cysts. Results: Ten fetal cysts were simple at recognition, but 8 silently became complex by birth, with ovarian loss in 6/11 cases (54%). In 2 cases where large simple cysts presented for the first time at birth, serious complications occurred, resulting in the death of 1 newborn. Conclusions: If a fetal ovarian cyst is already complex before birth it can be managed conservatively, albeit with loss of the ipsilateral ovary in the majority of cases. As simple fetal ovarian cysts frequently become complex before birth, intervention may be justifiable to preserve the ovary. But any intervention also has the potential for complications, and may be ineffective. Intervention also requires accurate differentiation of ovarian cysts from other abdominal cysts.

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Normal ovaries in neonates and infants: a sonographic study of 77 patients 1 day to 24 months old.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE.Normal

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Infancy: Minipuberty

Is Conservative Management of Prenatal and Neonatal Ovarian Cysts Justifiable?

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