Normal Ligament Properties and Ligament Healing

Frank, Cyril B.; Amiel, David; Woo, Savio L.-Y.; Akeson, Wayne H.

doi:10.1097/00003086-198506000-00005

Cited by 218 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…Collagen is the most abundant substance in the norma1 ligament [7], and the mechanical properties of ligInstitutional Review Board Approval was obtained before beginning all animal studies. Twenty adult Japanese white rabbits, weighing ament depend primarily On ' ' ' lagen fibers L1 51' 3.24.4 kg, were used.…”

Section: Animals Und Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the early phase of ligament healing in rabbits: an in situ hybridization study

Sakai

Koibuchi

Ohtake

et al. 2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The purpose of this study is to observe type I and type 111 procollagen gene expressions in the healing ligament using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The rabbit medial collateral ligaments were incised and harvested at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postoperatively. The healing ligament showed increased expression of both procollagen genes through this period compared with the unoperated ligament. The peak expression level was observed at 7 or 14 days for type I and at 7 days for type 111, respectively. The strongest expression of both genes was detected in the scar tissue created between the ends of the old ligament. Although type 111 procollagen gene expression was observed almost only in the newly created scar tissue, type I procollagen gene was expressed not only in the scar tissue, but also at the ends of the previously normal ligament. These results suggest that type I collagen synthesis begins shortly after ligament injury and occurs at the ends of the injured ligament as well as in the scar tissue, and that type 111 collagen is largely synthesized in the scar tissue around one week after injury but continues being synthesized for at least four weeks after injury. 0 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. lntroduction Materials and methods Animals und treatmentCollagen is the most abundant substance in the norma1 ligament [7], and the mechanical properties of ligInstitutional Review Board Approval was obtained before beginning all animal studies. Twenty adult Japanese white rabbits, weighing ament depend primarily On ' ' ' lagen fibers L1 51' 3.24.4 kg, were used. Each animal was anesthetized with an intraveTherefore, collagen synthesis plays an important role in nous injection of pentobarbital. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) the healing process of the ruptured ligament. In the of the left knee was exposed through longitudinal medial incisions in the skin and fascia [6j. The MCL was cut transversely at the level of the suprameniscal recess with a scalpel [16]. Ligament ends were allowed to with less than lo'% being type I11 [7]. Although the retract and were not repaired surgically. Skin was approximated with healing ligament is known to contain an increased 3-0 nylon sutures. NO immobilization was used after surgery.With a lethal injection of a euthanasia solution, the animals were

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Section: Animals Und Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MCL was cut transversely at the level of the suprameniscal recess with a scalpel [16]. Ligament ends were allowed to with less than lo'% being type I11 [7]. Although the retract and were not repaired surgically.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the early phase of ligament healing in rabbits: an in situ hybridization study

Sakai

Koibuchi

Ohtake

et al. 2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…The viscoelastic response of soft tissues is likely affected by their two most abundant components: water and collagen [9]. In fact, when we found that creep was over-predicted using stress-relaxation data and quasilinear viscoelastic theory directly, we questioned whether the difference between stress-relaxation and creep was due to differences in collagen fibre recruitment or differences in water contcnt in the two types of tests [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altering ligament water content affects ligament pre‐stress and creep behavior

Thornton

Shrive

Frank

2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The water content of a ligament can be altered by injury and surgical intervention in vivo, and inadvertently or purposely during in vitro tests. We investigated how altering the water content of the rabbit medial collateral ligament (MCL) affected its resulting creep behaviour (defined as an increase in strain from sequential cyclic and static creep tests). The water content of normal MCLs (n = 4) was compared to that of MCLs soaked for 1 h in a sucrose solution ( n = 4) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS; n = 8). Sucrose exposure decreased hydration and PBS exposure increased hydration. In addition, soaking in PBS caused a shift in "ligament zero" (the position where there was 0.1 N of tension on the ligament). Following the same single solution treatment, additional MCLs were creep tested at 4.1 MPa using a load based on the ligament cross-sectional area measured before solution treatment: sucrose (n = 4), PBS new "ligament zero" (n = S), and PBS old "ligament zero" ( n = 6). Normal MCLs were also tested at 4.1 MPa (n = 7) in a humidity chamber that maintained normal ligament water content. Additional MCLs were treated with both solutions in series (n = 12) to examine the reversibility of the mechanical changes caused by single solution treatment. This was the first investigation to show that ligament creep behaviour was clearly affected by the initial state of hydration: creep decreased with decreased hydration and creep increased with increased hydration. Another unique finding was that ligaments with increased hydration had decreased ligament functional length and increased ligament pre-stress. The creep behavioiir of these ligaments was decreased if they were loaded from the pre-stressed state compared to the unloaded state. These results suggest that maintenance of physiological water content is important for in vitro mechanical testing of ligaments and controlling the low-load stress state of ligaments in situ.

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“…The concentration of IL-1β in the normal human synovial fluid is 10±4.3 pg/ml [4,5,10,18,25]. Several magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown synovial fluid tracking between the graft-bone tunnel interface [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between synovial fluid and serum IL-1β levels after ACL surgery–preliminary report

Daraboš

Hundrić-Hašpl

Hašpl

et al. 2008

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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The possibility of controlling the harmful intraarticular influence of elevated interleukin (IL)-1β synovial fluid concentration after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery could be useful. We investigated the correlation between serum and synovial fluid IL-1β levels following ACL reconstruction. We measured IL-1β concentration periodically in three synovial fluid and four serum samples in each of 20 patients receiving either autologous conditioned serum (ACS) containing endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1Ra and several growth factors (group A) or placebo (group B). A decrease in IL-1β synovial fluid concentration appeared to be more pronounced in absolute terms in group A. In eight patients serum IL-1β was detected on the 6th postoperative day. In four of them whose synovial fluid levels were over 10 pg/ml on the 6th postoperative day, serum IL-1β was detected on the 10th postoperative day. The results were different in group B. Correlation between serum and synovial fluid IL-1β appearance persists in patients after ACL surgery and ACS application. This study is an example of ACS influence on the ACL healing process controlling the IL-1β levels on the basis of the serum IL-1β detection.

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Normal Ligament Properties and Ligament Healing

Cited by 218 publications

References 0 publications

Type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the early phase of ligament healing in rabbits: an in situ hybridization study

Type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the early phase of ligament healing in rabbits: an in situ hybridization study

Altering ligament water content affects ligament pre‐stress and creep behavior

Correlation between synovial fluid and serum IL-1β levels after ACL surgery–preliminary report

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