Normal intellectual development in children born from women with hypothyroxinemia during their pregnancy

Grau, Gema; Aguayo, Aníbal; Vela, Amaia; Aniel-Quiroga, Angeles; Espada, Mercedes; Miranda, Gorka; Martínez-Indart, Lorea; Martul, P.; Castaño, Luís; Rica, Itxaso

doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.02.004

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In these studies, fT4 concentrations later in pregnancy were not independently associated with child cognitive outcomes, however, in one study the lowest developmental scores were observed in the children of mothers whose fT4 levels were low in the first trimester and decreased further over pregnancy (Pop et al, 2003). Four other studies report no associations between low fT4 levels in the second or third trimester and cognitive or motor functioning in children of different ages (Pop et al, 1999, Kooistra et al, 2006, Chevrier et al, 2011, Grau et al, 2015). However, a study in a small sample (Vermiglio et al, 2004) did find a positive correlation between maternal fT4 levels in mid-pregnancy and IQ scores in the offspring, and another study (Suarez-Rodriguez et al 2012) measured fT4 levels at term (37 weeks GA) and observed a mean difference of 6.1 points on the general cognitive index of the McCarthy Scales between children of hypothyroxinemic mothers and control children.…”

Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…fT4 concentrations below the normal limits with normal TSH concentrations) appears to have a larger effect when it is present during early pregnancy. All but one of the studies (i.e., Grau et al, 2015) that investigated the effect of low maternal fT4 levels around the end of the first trimester (12/13 weeks gestational age (i.e., before onset of fetal thyroid function) report impaired cognitive and motor functioning in exposed children (Pop et al, 1999, Pop et al, 2003, Kooistra et al, 2006, Henrichs et al, 2010, Costeira et al, 2011, Finken et al, 2013, Julvez et al, 2013, Ghassabian et al, 2014a). In contrast, studies examining maternal hypothyroxinemia in mid- or late pregnancy reveal mixed results.…”

Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the same subjects may be classified as subclinically or overtly hypothyroid, hypothyroxinemic or normal depending on the respective cut-offs used across studies. Another major contributor to the heterogeneity is the timing of the assessment in not only maternal thyroid function in pregnancy but also age of assessment of child neurodevelopmental outcomes (the latter ranging between 3 weeks (Kooistra et al, 2006) and 9 or 10 years of age (Haddow et al, 1999, Vermiglio et al, 2004) with only a few having longitudinal follow-up assessments at later ages (Pop et al, 2003, Oken et al, 2009, Henrichs et al, 2010, Chevrier et al, 2011, Costeira et al, 2011, Grau et al, 2015)). These differences across studies make it very difficult to disentangle the differential effects of the pre- and postnatal environment on the developing brain.…”

Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development

et al. 2017

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Thyroid hormones (TH) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence THs synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programming of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.

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Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Ths On Brain and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development

et al. 2017

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“…However, as indicated above the influence of fetal thyroid production is already evident at mid-gestation. In a large number of children, recently reported, there was no association between maternal gestational free T4 and subsequent intellectual development at one year in four hundred and fifty-five children and at six to eight years in two hundred and eight-nine children (37).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Hypothyroxinaemia and Brain Development

Lazarus

Taylor

2016

Acta Endo (Buc)

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The aim of this review is to indicate the current position on the role of thyroxine (T4) and fetal brain development with particular relevance to the human situation. Adequate maternal iodine nutrition and maternal circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations are essential to ensure optimum T4 placental passage which in turn will ensure transport of T4 into fetal brain cells. These processes are discussed and the role of thyroid hormone transporters is considered. The emphasis on isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia (IH) as an important factor affecting brain development is discussed from the animal experimental point of view as well as in the clinical setting. There is evidence of neurocognitive impairment as assessed by different modalities in children up to the age of 8 years and some suggestion of increased psychiatric disorder in older persons whose mothers had IH during gestation. Although international guidelines have not in general recommended thyroxine therapy for IH the recent demonstration of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia may warrant a revision of this strategy.

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“…In the case of CHT, when newborns are diagnosed by neonatal screening and treated in the first 45 days, they generally develop normal intelligence 15 . In this case, treatment with L-thyroxine from birth to date has reduced the main manifestations of CHT and some are not even present, such as cretinism, goitre, glossitis or dysgeusia, enlarged salivary glands, among others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral and systemic manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism in children. A case report.

2015

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Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder. It may be congenital if the thyroid gland does not develop properly. A female predominance is characteristic. Hypothyroidism is the most common congenital pediatric disease and its first signs and early symptoms can be detected with neonatal screening. Some of the oral manifestations of hypothyroidism are known to be: glossitis, micrognathia, macroglossia, macroquelia, anterior open bite, enamel hypoplasia, delayed tooth eruption, and crowding. This paper briefly describes the systemic and oral characteristics of congenital hypothyroidism in a patient being treated at a dental practice. The patient had early childhood caries and delayed tooth eruption. There are no cases of craniosynostosis related to the primary pathology, which if left untreated, increases the cranial defect. Early diagnosis reduces the clinical manifestations of the disease. Delayed tooth eruption will become a growing problem if the patient does not receive timely treatment and monitoring.

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Normal intellectual development in children born from women with hypothyroxinemia during their pregnancy

Cited by 23 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development

Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development

Hypothyroxinaemia and Brain Development

Oral and systemic manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism in children. A case report.

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