Normal, Induced and Difficult Parturitions in Equines – A Review

Abstract

Parturition is a process of giving birth to young ones. This process can be naturally occurring or induced and maintained by hormonal changes. The process can also be abnormal, termed as dystocia, in which several complications are expected. Equines are long day breeders. Pre and post-parturient care is required, which is mandatory to have a beneficial, stable, and safe process of parturition. The animals in which the process of parturition is not normal, or the time has exceeded the gestation period, the chances of mortality and harm to the animal as well as the fetus increase, and the process of parturition is induced by hormones. The aims of this review include covering the process of parturition in horses and donkeys, care, complications, hormonal maintenance and safety.