Normal glenoid vault anatomy and validation of a novel glenoid implant shape

Effect of glenoid deformity on glenoid component placement in primary shoulder arthroplasty

“…The amount of correction that is required is not clearly defined. Normal glenoid version varies within the population over a range of about 20 , 1,2,6,11 with the majority of patients having slight retroversion and average retroversion of 1-2 of retroversion. Without knowing the patient's native version, an arbitrary goal of glenoid position has been to place the glenoid perpendicular to the plane of the scapula.…”

Glenoid retroversion: The palaeopathological perspective

“…Its profile is thus linked to the shape of the thorax rather than genetic determination. As regards its articular face, the glenoid is compared to a vault (Kwon et al, 2005;Codsi et al, 2008). It can be positioned with respect to the body with major variations in translation and in version in a transverse plan, or tilt in a frontal plane.…”

“…These approaches have a two-fold advantage: they are not subject to variability of the scapular blade, and they use a portion of bone most often available in archaeological specimens. Work with 3D CT reconstruction has shown that the endosteal volume of the glenoid vault has a uniform morphology (Kwon et al, 2005;Bicknell et al, 2007;Codsi et al, 2008) and can be used alone in 2D CT to measure glenoid version (Poon and Ting, 2012). To that end, the axial section perpendicular to the articular face of the glenoid, based on the initial X-ray image is preferred.…”

“…The search in medical practice of precise markers for measuring retroversion led to definition of the anatomical concept of the endosteal glenoid vault (Kwon et al, 2005;Bicknell et al, 2007;Codsi et al, 2008), and validation of the reliability of the plane of the anterior glenoid wall (Ganapathi et al, 2011). Once established and developed with costly complex technologies, this offered palaeopathology a simple technique.…”

The glenoid in total shoulder arthroplasty

“…This is best accomplished via a CT scan with 3-D reconstructions [70]. If there is inadequate bone, grafting can be performed with canellous graft in a two stage procedure as described by Cheung [71].…”